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Systems: Reproduction AB > STI: Infections of the Genital Tract > Flashcards

STI: Infections of the Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Commensal micro-organism

A

A micro-organism that derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it.

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

A micro-organism that can cause disease

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3
Q

Infection

A

The invasion of all or part of the body by a micro-organism

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4
Q

What is the difference between a clinical and sub-clinical infection?

A
  • Clinical= symptoms

- Subclinical= no symptoms

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5
Q

Sexually transmissible microbe

A
  • A virus, bacteria or protozoan which can be spread by sexual contact
  • Can be commensal or pathogen
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6
Q

Sexually transmitted infection

A

An infection by a pathogen which is sexually transmissible and which is unlikely to be transmitted by non-sexual means

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7
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

A disorder of structure or function caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen

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8
Q

Give examples of venereal diseases and their causative agent.

A
  • Syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum)
  • Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorhoeae)
  • Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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9
Q

Give examples of sexually transmitted bacteria in the UK.

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Klebsiella granulomatis
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
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10
Q

Give examples of sexually transmitted viruses in the UK.

A
  • HSV
  • HIV
  • HPV
  • Molluscum contagiosum virus
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11
Q

Give examples of sexually transmitted parasites in the UK.

A
  • Pthirus pubis
  • Sarcoptes scabei
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
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12
Q

Give examples of infection vs colonisations.

A
  • Mycoplasma hominis
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
  • Bacterial vaginosis
  • Genital candidosis
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13
Q

What are the features of an STI?

A
  • Transmissible (partner notification
  • Asymptomatic (hard to eradicate, requires prevention)
  • All manageable but not curable (treatment and prevention complications)
  • Avoidable (primary prevention education)
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14
Q

Give examples of sexual contact.

A 
Greatest risk of infection
-Group sex
-Anal sex
-Vaginal sex
-Oral sex
-Touching someone else's genitals with yours
-Mutual masturbation
Least risk of infection
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15
Q

What conditions can be transmitted through genital contact alone?

A
  • Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis)
  • Scabies (Sarcoptes scabeii)
  • Warts (human papilloma virus types 6 &11)
  • Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 & 2)
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16
Q

What condition is often transmitted through group sex?

A

Hepatitis C

17
Q

Why are STIs important?

A
  • Cause morbidity and mortality
  • Drain on resources
  • They’re common
18
Q

What systemic symptoms can STIs present with?

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Malaise
  • Infertility
19
Q

What are the possible complications of STIs?

A
  • Cancer

- Adverse pregnancy outcomes

20
Q

How can we tell if there is change in the number of cases of STIs?

A
  • Average number of infections produced(Ro) is equal to the (likelihood of transmission) (rate of acquiring new partners) (duration of infectivity)
  • If Ro >1 then epidemic is sustained, if <1 then epidemic reduced
21
Q

What 3 things should parents know about preventing cervical cancer?

A
  • HPV vaccination is the best way to prevent many types of cancer
  • HPV vaccination is recommended at ages 11-12
  • HPV vaccination is reducing HPV disease
22
Q

How are people’s attitudes to sex changing?

A
  • Increased numbers of partners/person
  • Increased concurrent partners
  • More people having anal sex
  • More men reporting sex with men
  • (Also increased condom usage).
23
Q

Why is more STI testing occurring?

A
  • Greater awareness
  • More people asking for tests
  • More clinicians considering STIs
24
Q

What testing methods are used?

A
  • Nucleic acid amplification testing

- Enzyme immunoassays for chlamydia

25
Q

Why do certain STIs spread through certain populations?

A

Some people have sex with people like them (similar lifestyle)
-Leads to high prevalence within a subpopulation (core) but limited spread through the wider community

26
Q

How do STIs disseminate amongst populations?

A
  • Random mixing leads to lower prevalence but wider dissemination along chains
  • Most people have few sexual contacts over a given period of time and so chains are quite short
27
Q

What are the principles of management for someone presenting with symptoms suggestive of STI?

A
  • A good history
  • Partner notification
  • HIV testing
  • Health promotion
28
Q

What are the components of an STI history?

A
  • Presenting complaint
  • HoPC
  • PM/SHx
  • DHx
  • Include gynae history
  • Ask directed questions about symptoms
29
Q

What is the sexual history necessary for?

A
  • Determining possible cause of symptoms
  • Detecting high-risk behaviour and advising regarding educing future risk
  • Tracing contacts
30
Q

What questions should be asked in the sexual history?

A
  • When did you last have sexual contact?
  • Casual contact vs ‘regular’ partner?
  • Were they male or female?
  • Asking about nature of sex act sometimes useful
  • Did you use condoms?
  • Other contraception used
  • Nationality of contact
31
Q

What questions are asked when risk assessing a male?

A
  • Have you ever had sexual contact with a man?
  • Have you ever injected drugs?
  • Sexual contact with anyone who’s injected drugs or someone from outside the UK? (clarify)
  • Medical treatment outside UK? (clarify)
  • Involvement with sex industry. (had sex with prostitute)
32
Q

What are the 2 methods of partner notification?

A
  • Patient tells contacts “client referral”

- NHS tells contact “provider referral”

33
Q

Why is further STI testing often offered to those when they are diagnosed?

A
  • Most STIs are risk factors for HIV acquisition and transmission.
  • If someone has one STI (eg chlamydia) they could have another (eg HIV)
34
Q

What health promotion should be offered?

A
  • Condom usage for prevention of transmission of HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea
  • Condoms not good at preventing herpes and warts
  • Oral sex carried risks too (fellation more than cunnilingus)
  • Alcohol and drug usage

Systems: Reproduction AB (35 decks)

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