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Pols 206 > Vietnam > Flashcards

Vietnam Flashcards

1
Q

Why did USA get involved?

A

It could not stabilise the south, the North would not stop

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2
Q

What was the pre vietnam failure of the USA?

A

Americanisation of the south did not not work.

- They couldn’t force the north into behavioural changes

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3
Q

When was a full US commitment to the war?

A
  • 1965 (enormous bombing of the north)
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4
Q

what die Ho Chi Minh proclaim in september 1945?

A
  • proclaimed independence from French colonial rule and looked to President truman for support
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5
Q

When did Truman decide to help finance the war effort openly? Why?

A
  • March 1950
  • Wanted Japan to have open access to Asian markets
  • To stabilise governments on the periphery of china
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6
Q

When was truman presidency?

A

1945 - 1953

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7
Q

When was Eisenhower presidency?

A

1953 - 1961

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8
Q

When was JFK Presidency?

A

1961 - 1963

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9
Q

when was Nixon presidency?

A

1969 - 1974

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10
Q

When was Ford presidency?

A

1974 - 1977

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11
Q

When was Carter presidency?

A

1977 - 1981

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12
Q

When was Reagan presidency?

A

1981 - 1989

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13
Q

What did the 1954 geneva accords mean?

A
  • End of French colonial rule
  • Temporary division of Vietnam at 17th parallel
  • 1956 national elections
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14
Q

What did the Eisenhowe administration refuse to sign? But what did it commit to?

A
  • Geneva accords

- Nation building in south vietnam ($1 billion in economic and military assistance – 650 military advisers)

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15
Q

When did the Diem government exist?

Describe what it was like

A

1954 -1963

  • it lacked legitimacy, there was little support for it in the countryside
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16
Q

Why did the south refuse to hold elections in 1956?

A
  • because communists would win
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17
Q

When did the vietcong start guerilla war against Diem? When did North vietnam set up the national liberation front?

A
  • 1960
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18
Q

Describe the situation by the early 1960s

A
  • communist forces control half of south vietnam

- Diem opposition growing

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19
Q

What was the strategy of Kennedy? How did this strategy manifest itself?

A
  • Flexible response (learnt from CMC)

- an increased flow of military advisers to the region

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20
Q

What was the point in special advisors?

A
  • to help the training of south Vietnamese army
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21
Q

How many military advisors were in Vietnam by 1965?

A
  • 16,000 (MAAG)
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22
Q

Why was there tension between Diem and the USA? Which meant they were happy for what to happen?

A
  • Diem refused to conform to US pressures for land reform and greater democracy
  • it meant in 1963 USA did nothing to discourage anti government protests and a coup by the army republic of vietnam
  • Government was overthrown and diem was killed in the same year as Kennedy
23
Q

Between 1965 and 1968 Johnson made the decision to do what? How did he do this?

A
  • Decision to escalate the war, opposing the northern suggestion to holding free and fair elections
  • He was able to do this by using the Tonkin incident as an excuse (security agency report from freedom of info request suggests second attack may have been fabricated) Revisionism.
24
Q

When was the Tonkin incident and why is it significant?

A
  • tonkin incident August 1964, election year
25
Q

How many troops were there by 1968?

A
  • half a million
26
Q

According to secretary of state Rob McNamara what were the options of LBJ?

A
  • Withdraw and face humiliation
  • Continue at the present level
  • Substantially expand, pressurise the VC in south and North, negotiate from favourable position
27
Q

What did LBJ do in July 1965?

A
  • Dispatches 200,000 combat forces
28
Q

Who was supporting the north?

A
  • China and the soviet union with logistics etc, especially along Laos/Cambodian border
29
Q

When was a peak of men in Vietnam?

A
  • 58,000
30
Q

What was the difference to British forces fighting in Malaya from 1948 to 1968?

A
  • Small units, impact, gain popularity. USA was just geared up for tank warfare
31
Q

When and what was the tet offensive?

A
  • 1968 Jan 31 (day of celebrations for Vietnamese)
  • 70,000 north Vietnamese and Viet cong launch attacks on 100 cities / towns in the south (big shock to USA)
  • Saigon embassy
32
Q

What was LBJ response to the tet offensive of Jan 31 1968?

A
  • stopped bombing of the north

- did not run for re-election in 1968 and democrats still lost

33
Q

Why was Europe a key focus area for Nixon?

A
  • 1968 had seen Czech rebellion, Prague spring
34
Q

What was nixon strategy of 69 - 73

A
  • Strategy of vietnamisation
  • increase vastly the military supplies to the south
  • continue bombing
  • Highly contested extension of the war to Cambodia
35
Q

By 1972 US ground forces were reduced to?

A
  • 72,000
36
Q

What is evidence that Vietnam crippled the American economy?

A
  • Dropping of the Bretton woods system and the gold standard
37
Q

When did Nixon announce extension of war to Cambodia? This meant the commitment of how many more troops?

A
  • April 1970
  • 170,000
    (protests, 4 students killed at kent state university)
38
Q

When were secret talks between the Vietnamese and US?

A
  • Paris 1969
39
Q

Why was a peace agreement reached by 1973?

A
  • massive air campaigns against the north with attacks on Hanoi and Haiphong (christmas bombings 1972)
  • Russia and China were putting pressure on the north
  • US will had gone
40
Q

What were the terms of the 1973 peace agreement?

A
  • cease fire
  • withdrawal of US forces and release of US POWs
  • South Vietnam self determination
  • Cambodia, Laos self determination

(critics point out that these terms were previously unavailable)

41
Q

Why were Le duc Tho and Kissinger awareded nobel peace prizes after 1973? Which of these refused the award?

A
  • because all the troops were out of vietnam

- Le duc tho refused it

42
Q

What happened after the US left when did fighting continue until?

A
  • fighting continued until the fall of Saigon in April 1975

- USA couldn’t do anything because congress ruled out US military action in Indochina

43
Q

What are two theories for the involvement in vietnam?

A
  1. Munich Syndrome: Aggression appeased is aggression repeated - could not let aggressors get land
  2. Domino Theory: needed to be part of a bigger struggle, spread
44
Q

What is Schliesinger’s thesis of US involvement in Vietnam

A
  • Quagmire thesis, USA drawn into vietnam by accident by accident, series of presidents took steps into what became an unwinable conflict
45
Q

What is the theory of Herring for US involvement in Vietnam? (revisionist)

A
  • Vietnam syndrome, feared the political fallout if vietnam fell to communism
    (see fellow revisionist Kattenberg)
46
Q

Why did the Vietnam war go wrong?

A
  • misunderstood the situation as political and not military
  • underestimation of opponents
  • Vietnam was of peripheral interest and less important than w. Europe, Japan
47
Q

What effect did the war have on US FP?

A
  • Contributes to the military and economic weakening of USA
  • Fucked US image
  • Communist gov in Laos and Brutal regime in Cambodia
48
Q

What was biggest intervention since Vietnam?

A
  • 1989 panama canal, 27,000
49
Q

How much did war cost?

A
  • $167, 000
50
Q

What was a law made by congress after Vietnam?

A
  • War powers resolution 1973 can’t send troops out longer than 30 days
51
Q

What did Reagan say about El Salvador civil war in 80s?

A
  • We will not Americanise this conflict
52
Q

what did Reagan set up in 1984?

A
  • a commission to promote economic and military aid to gain support in central America
53
Q

But what civil wars did USA support against the USSR in 1975?

A
  • Lebanese civil war 75-90

- Western saharan civil war 75-91

Pols 206 (14 decks)

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