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history IGCSE > vietnam > Flashcards

vietnam Flashcards

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1
Q

French Indochina date

A

1887 - 1954

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2
Q

What did the French Indochina consist of?

A

Modern day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

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3
Q

The Viet Minh aims

A
  • they wanted independence from the French
  • wanted to set up a communist gov. of Vietnam
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4
Q

Viet Minh leader/supporters

A

Ho Chi Minh
supported by the chinese

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5
Q

Viet Minh advantages over French

A
  • local: they knew their terrain and could use it to their advantage
  • willing to fight and die for their homeland and their future
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6
Q

French Indochina vs Viet Minh war

A
  • 1954: FRA engaged in combat with Viet Minh
  • FRA was confident that their superior tech could defeat the Viet Minh- set up a defended airbase at Dien Bien Phu
  • French set up a trap for themselves
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7
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP?

A
  1. Local conditions
  2. China’s help
  3. French problems
  4. Local support
  5. Viet Minh commitment
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8
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP? (Local Conditions)

A
  • the Viet Minh understood the country and its conditions
  • saw access to the mountains was possible
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9
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP? (China’s help)

A
  • provided weapons and ammo
  • 20,000 bikes to move supplies
  • helped in planning
  • sent some troops
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10
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP? ( French problems)

A
  • underestimated support for the Viet Minh and how well-armed they are
  • French supply planes were shot down
  • Troops lacked commitment, they were not fighting for their home
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11
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP? (Local support)

A
  • local villagers helped the Vietminh to dig five new roads to move supplies/ helped move supplies
  • spied on the French
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12
Q

Why did Viet Minh win at DBP? (Viet Minh commitment)

A
  • worked all day and night to build roads and move supplies
  • fought for their independence from French rule
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13
Q

The Geneva accords - why was Vietnam divided?

A
  • after Dien Bien Phi, French and Vietnamese representatives met at neutral Switzerland for peace talks.
  • July 1954- Geneva accords signed. Neither side was happy
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14
Q

Reasons why North Vietnam was unhappy:

A
  • Ho Chi Minh controlled less land than they had at the end of the war with France
  • Ho Chi Minh would only run the North communist, Bad Dai would run the South with president DIEM (anti-communist)
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15
Q

Reasons why South Vietnam was unhappy:

A
  • Vietnamese people could move 300 days after the accord. They worried people would desert the South for the communist North
  • No US/ foreign troops could set up bases, and the south relied on American help - the USA refused to recognize the accords
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16
Q

Reasons why BOTH North and south Vietnam were unhappy:

A
  • Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel with a demilitarized zone which no troops could enter. Both sides felt vulnerable to an attack
  • No system pu in place for elections in 1956
17
Q

What were the Viet Cong?

A

Communist fighters inside South Vietnam who wanted to overthrow the gov.

18
Q

Why did the USA get involved in Vietnam?

A

The domino theory. Eisenhower feared the spread of communism

19
Q

US involvement in Vietnam (1954- 1964)

A

March 1954- Dien Bien Phu, USA paid for 80% of French costs
May 1954- USA refused to help the French militarily
July 1954- USA joined in negotiations, but refused to accept the Geneva accords
Oct 1954- Eisenhower promised to support the S.V. gov.
Oct 1955- U.S. officials assisted with S.V. elections - Diem elected
July 1956 - Diem refused to hold elections. USA supported this
November 1960 - USA urged Diem to be more democratic after Viet Minh attempt to overthrow him
Jan 1961- Kennedy began sending military advisors to Vietnam
Jan 1962- 800 US green berets (special forces) helped set up hamlets (small settlements) - Strategic Hamlets Program
Jan 1963- US gave S.V. soldiers air support in the Battle of Ap Bac (they still lost)
Nov 1963- Kennedy assassinated. 16,000 US “advisors” in Vietnam by this time
Aug 1964- Gulf of Tonkin incident - the warship USS Maddox claims it came under attack. As a result, President Johnson authorized the use of U.S. forces in Vietnam.

20
Q

Diem’s government (S.V.)

A
  • referendum against Bao Dai rigged with US support
  • catholic: favored catholics, BUT most people were buddhists
  • nepotist
  • little understanding of peasant’s lives
  • refused to hold elections in 1956
21
Q

examples of Diem’s oppression

A
  • arrested political and religious opponents
  • ‘denounce a communist campaign’
  • 1957- he sent the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) to find and arrest communists. 65,000 arrested and 2,000 killed
22
Q

Kennedy’s approach to Vietnam

A

problems:
- 12,000 VC soldiers
- 1/2 of S.V. under partial communist control
- Diem not coping

approach:
- use ARVN (+ US support) to hunt and destroy VC
- win over the ‘hearts and minds’ of the villagers to pacify them

23
Q

worsening oppression against buddhists (background)

A

In 1963, Diem’s position worsened - ARVN soldiers + US support lost the battle of Ap Bar despite outnumbering the VC 5: 1.
60 troops, 3 US advisors and 5 US helicopters were lost. Only 3 VC found dead -> BIG HUMILIATION.

24
Q

worsening oppression against buddhists

A
  • 9 were killed and 14 injured when ARVN soldiers fired at a Buddhist procession
  • prohibition of flying flags on Buddha’s birthday
  • Buddhist temples raided
  • 11th June 1963 - Quang Duc burnt himself alive in Saignon in protest
25
Q

the end of Diem.

A
  • Diem had taken American money and resources but ignored their advice
  • Autumn of 1963- Diem had lost faith in US gov. and his own generals
  • 1st Nov 1963- ARVN troops under the command of ARVN generals stormed Diem’s palace
  • Diem shot dead, and ARVN General Minh (NOT HO CHI MINH) was put in charge.
  • USA was aware of the plan and did not warn Diem
26
Q

Kennedy’s death date

A

22nd November 1963

27
Q

President after Kennedy

A

Lyndon B. Johnson (aka LBJ)

28
Q

LBJ’s new tasks:

A
  • influence S.V. gov. to act democratically
  • Help new gov. win over the people of S.V.
  • withdraw US advisors and other forces ASAP
29
Q

Anti war US Statements

A
  • the draft is not fair -> young soldiers
  • all war is wrong -> pacifists
  • the S.V. gov. is repressive
  • support from African Americans (racism in America)
  • money should be spent improving black ghettos
30
Q

Pro war US statements

A
  • support US troops
  • fighting comm.
  • fighting for the freedom of S.V.
  • ex-soldiers
31
Q

Why did people ended up supporting the war?

A
  • fear of comm.
  • preserving trad. American ideals
32
Q

opposition to vietnam war

A
  • 8.5 million students by 1970
  • the draft (men aged 18-26)
  • Media coverage - questioned the actions of US leaders
  • political opposition
  • My Lai (war crime//massacre) - 1968 by American soldiers
33
Q

why did the USA fail in Vietnam?

A

27th Jan 1973-> Paris agreement: ceasefire between the USA, N.V., S.V., and V.C.
March 1975- North Vietnamese launched a full- scale invasion of South Vietnam
30th April 1975 - Saigon (capital of S.V.) fell. The last US advisors and troops were evacuated in a last-minute and humiliating scramble. Definitely NOT Nixon’s ‘honorable’ withdrawal.

34
Q

Reasons for US failure in Vietnam (political)

A
  • some people in congress opposed the war
  • congress cut funding for the war
  • lots of people in the US opposed the war
  • S.V. unpopular and corrupt
35
Q

Reasons for US failure in Vietnam (military)

A
  • V.C. and guerrilla tactics worked. Comm. and N.V. soldiers fought well
  • low morale - drug use and fragging (soldiers killing officers) were common
  • N.V. and V.C. had aid from USSR and China
  • the VC were good at organizing and gaining support
  • the draft led to US troops being young, inexperienced and poorly trained
36
Q

Reasons for US failure in Vietnam (economic)

A
  • American involvement was hugely expensive
  • N.V. and V.C. had aid from USSR and China
  • congress cut funding for the war
37
Q

Reasons for US failure in Vietnam (geographical)

A
  • The USA had a lacking of understanding of the Vietnamese landscape, climate etc.
38
Q

Reasons for US failure in Vietnam (cultural)

A

-most Vietnamese people wanted Vietnam to be an united and independent country
- The US backed S.V. which was mainly catholic an alienated the majority of Buddhist population

38
Q

Conclusion as to why the USA lost

A
  • Viet Cong had a purpose/will to fight, they would not give up
  • American soldiers were young, inexperienced and did not know what they were fighting for

history IGCSE (6 decks)

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