videos to watch: lung volume changes, pulmonary volumes and capacity, vocal cord growths Flashcards
how many pairs of ribs directly attach to to the sternum?
7
what are the muscles in between the ribs?
intercostal muscles
when the diaphragm contracts, which way does it go?
down, flattens out
how much alveoli do we have?
500 million
what is the protein that surrounds the cells of the alveoli?
elastin
what is happens to the alveoli after there is an increase in volume and the muscles contract?
they are stretched open
what is happens to the alveoli after there is a decrease in volume and the muscles relax?
they recoil
for muscles to contract for inhaling, what chemical energy is used?
ATP
for muscles to relax during exhaling, what energy is used?
elastic potential energy
how many mls for tidal volume?
500, btw 2750 and 2250
what is a combination of tidal volume and the biggest breath you can take?
inspiratory reserve volume of 3250 ml
how much air can we breathe down?
1200 mls
everything that is left after a forceful expiration
residual volume, less than 1200 mls
what is between the residual volume and the tidal volume?
expiratory reserve volume, 1100 mls
tidal respiration + inspiratory reserve volume =
total inspiratory capacity, 3750 mls
tidal respiration + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve =
vital capacity, 4.6 L
what is the maximum inspiration all the way down to 0? (vital capacity - residual volume)
total lung capacity, 1200 mls
what is typically used to visualize the larynx?
fiber optic scope, laryngoscopy
what path does the laryngoscopy usually take?
through the nasal passage and down the back of the throat
true or false: vocal cord nodules are usually bilateral
true
true or false: vocal cord nodules are malignant
false: benign
whats the difference in appearance between nodules and papillomas?
papillomas are bumpy and have irregular shaped borders
true or false: papillomas have to be cut out or excised to go away
true
what virus usually causes papillomas?
HPV
what causes HPV?
oral sex
true or false: papillomas can grow back after being removed?
true
how and where does laryngeal carcinoma grow?
irregularly on the vocal cords
how do you tell the difference between papillomas and carcinomas?
under a microscope
what can cause squamous cell carcinoma?
smoking and alcohol
how do you treat laryngeal carcinoma?
excision, usually with whole larynx is removed and patients lose their ability to speak, may need radiation or chemotherapy as well
