DNA vs RNA and DNA Replication Flashcards
what acetylators respond well to the drugs?
intermediate acetylators
what acetylators were the patients that were unaffected by the drug?
fast acetylators
what were patients the were toxic from the drug?
slow acetylators
what does a nucleotide consist of?
nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
what is the 5 carbon sugar called?
deoxyribose
what are examples of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides of DNA?
thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine
how does adenine bond to thymine (complimentary bases)?
two weak H+ bonds
how does guanine and cytosine bond together?
3 weak hydrogen bonds
what keeps the two strands of the DNA helix together?
the number of hydrogen bonds in the double helix
how does RNA differ from DNA?
- uracil instead of thymine
- pentose is ribose instead of deoxyribose
- single stranded and folds on itself
what is the directionality of DNA?
5’ to 3’
which carbon of deoxyribose at the top binds thymine?
1’
the deoxyribose at the top, the ‘point’ of the ring is an _______ atom, which means that the 2’ carbon is at the bottom right.
oxygen
which carbon attaches to the phosphate group?
5’
3’ carbon attaches to a phosphate group that is associated with what?
guanine
5’ carbon of deoxyribose is associated with what?
cytosine
how do you know it’s the 3’ end of deoxyribose?
no phosphate group attached
how are DNA sequences written?
5’ to 3’
what happens to the double strands during DNA replication?
it’s unwound and each of the parental strands serve as templates for making other strands (complimentary strands)
what is the enzyme that unwinds the double helix to create the replication fork?
helicase
what enzymes creates a small piece of RNA?
primase
Once the RNA primers are in place, what two enzymes do the work of synthesizing polymers of appropriately chosen nucleotides to replicate the parental strands?
polymerase I and III
DNA polymerase III binds to one of the parental strands, adds DNA bases in the 5’ to 3’ direction to generate a complementary strand called the __________________
leading strand
what is the result of the lagging strand being synthesized discontinuously?
DNA polymerase III has to work backwards from the replication fork
since DNA polymerase III has to work backwards from the replication fork, what happens to the repeated down the lagging strand?
the primase enzymes generate, multiple, separate short RNA primers, after which DNA polymerase III converts them to fragments of DNA
why do the RNA fragments have to be removed?
the purpose of replication is to end up with a pair of double stranded DNAs
how are the RNA fragments removed?
by DNA polymerase I that involves the enzyme’s exonuclease capability
what fills in the gaps with DNA nucleotides after RNA fragments are removed?
DNA polymerase III
what enzyme joins the DNA fragments together to make the complete lagging strand?
DNA ligase
what is the end result of DNA replication?
two DNA molecules, each that consist of one parental strand and a new one
if problems arise during replication, which enzymes pair adenines with thymines and guanines with cytosines?
DNA polymerase III
if an incorrect nucleotide is not replaced, what is the end result?
mutation
