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Systems Path Final > Video Review Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Video Review Ch. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 killer in the US

A

Heart disease

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2
Q

What is the MC mechanism of cardiac pathology

A

Pump failure

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3
Q

What pathology is: heart cannot supply tissue demand
Common end-point for many cardiac Dx
3 types of dysfunction

A

Congestive heart failure

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4
Q

What is loss of the myocardial contractility

A

Systolic dysfunction

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5
Q

What is abnormal relaxation/filling (females mc)

A

Diastolic dysfunction

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6
Q

Endocarditis, valvular stenosis, and HTN are all types of what

A

Valvular dysfunctions

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7
Q

What is forward/backward failure

A

insufficient output/venous congestion

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8
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism

A

Inc. ventricular stretch = stronger contraction

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9
Q

What is eccentric cardiac hypertrophy, Inc. in chamber size and the m. mass/wall thickness (L ventricle)

A

Athlete’s heart (physiologic)

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10
Q

What is concentric cardiac hypertrophy

A

Left ventricle gets bigger, HTN, Valvular stenosis, inc pressure

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11
Q

What is the primary myocardial disease, hypertrophy and dilation, and may cause pulmonary edema

A

Left sided heart failure

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12
Q

What is the MC cause of right sided heart failure

A

Left sided heart failure

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13
Q

What is development of right sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary HTN

A

Cor pulmonale

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14
Q

What will we see with right sided heart failure

A

Peripheral edema

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15
Q

What % of congenital heart diseases are idiopathic

A

90%

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16
Q

Genetically, what is congenital heart disease linked to

A

Trisomies 13,15,18,21

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17
Q

What % of congenital heart diseases are VSDs? ASDs?

A

VSD 42%

ASD 10%

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18
Q

What kind of shunt bypasses pulmonary circulation

A

Right-to-left shunts, Cyanosis

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19
Q

What kind of shunt is MC

A

Left-to-Right shunt

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20
Q

Other than shunts, what can cause congenital heart disease

A

Obstruction of vasacular flow (vavlular stenosis, aortic coarctation)

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21
Q

What is the MC structural abnormality (20-30% iso, 42% of all)

A

VSD

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22
Q

What is a VSD, R. ventricular outflow obstruction, Overriding of VSD by aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy
MC cause of cyanosis at birth secondary to CHD

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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23
Q

What happens with TGA

A

Right vent gets aorta

Left vent gets pulmonary artery. Shunting is required

24
Q

What is aortic coarcation

A

Narrowing of aorta

25
Q

Who is at greater risk for aortic coarcation

A

Males 2x, Turner syndrome

26
Q

What % of ischemic heart disease is from atherosclerosis (CAD)

A

90%

27
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the US

A

Ischemic heart disease

28
Q

What is occlusion of the coronary arteries that may have catastrophic consequences

A

Acute coronary syndrome

29
Q

When is it considered critical stenosis

A

> 70% occlusion

30
Q

What is sub-sternal chest pain “crushing” “squeezing” jaw or left arm. Stable or varient or unstable

A

Angina pectoris

31
Q

How is stable angina tx

A

Relived with rest and nitroglycerin

32
Q

How is variant angina tx

A

Vasospasm at rest, responds to vasodilators. rare

33
Q

Crescendo angia, inc. frequency, intensity, duration,

90% fixed coronary artery occlusion

A

Unstable angina

34
Q

What is the MC cause of a MI

A

acute ischemia from thrombosis (90%)

35
Q

What is the MC artery affected in a MI “widowmaker a.”

A

L ant. descending coronary artery 40-50%

36
Q 
Unrelieved by nitroglycerine
Referred pain
"thready" pulse
Dsypnea
10-15% silent
A

Myocardial Infarction

37
Q

How does myocardium act in chronic ischemic heart disease

A

As though it is deconditioned

38
Q

What is the MC stimulus for sudden cardiac death

A

CAD 80-90%

39
Q

What dramatically improves SCD prognosis

A

Defibrillation

40
Q

Blow to sternal region, Arrhythmia, adolescent males (~15), 65% fatal

A

Commotio Cordis

41
Q

L sided heart disease
L ventricular hypertrophy
HTN
Asymptomatic MC, “silent killer”

A

Systemic hypertensive heart disease

42
Q

What is failure of a valve to completely open

A

Stenosis MC mitral valve

43
Q

What is failure of a valve to completely close

A

Insufficiency (regurgitation) murmur

44
Q

What is the MC cause of aortic valve stenosis (elderly 60-80, MC valvular disease)

A

Calcific aortic valve disease

45
Q

Rheumatic fever is what kind of reaction

A

Hypersensitivity

46
Q

Scarlet fever is what kind of reaction

A

Reaction to erythrogenic toxins

47
Q

What is the MC infection of the heart chambers of valves

A

Bacteremia

48
Q

What is the MC type of prothestetic valve

A

Mechanical (other is bioprosthetic)

49
Q

Diastolic dysfunction, won’t relax, “asymmetrical septal hypertrophy”

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

50
Q

Stiff myocardium, Endomyocardial fibrosis, helminth can cause
Amyloidosis

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

51
Q

What is the MC cause of myocarditis

A

Secondary to viral infections

52
Q

What is heart compressed by fluid

A

Cardiac tamponade

53
Q

What is the MC cause of cardiac neoplasm

A

Metastasis

54
Q

What is the MC primary malignant tumor of the heart

A

Angiosarcoma

55
Q

What is the MC primary cardiac tumor

A

Myxoma (benign)

56
Q

Where do 90% of myxomas develop

A

Fossa ovalis of L atrium

Systems Path Final (3 decks)

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