Victimology Final Exam - 08

Question 1

What is the typologies of victims accoring to Von Henting?

Answer 1

according to Von Henting the three categories of people were likely victims are women, children and mentally subnormal (people with disabilities)

Question 2

What is the typologies of victims accoring to Mendelsohn?

Answer 2

Mendelsohn’s typology was underpinned by the underlying legalistically influenced concept of “Victim Culpability”

Question 3

What is the lifestyle or routien activity theory ?

Answer 3

the concept of risky lifestyle or a blemished past of non-respectability

Question 4

What is Deviant Place Theory?

Answer 4

Location for criminal victimisation

Question 5

What is Christie’s 1986 illustration using the Weber’s concept of the ideal type of victim

Answer 5

The ideal type of victim is depicted like Little Red Ridding Hood; a young innocent female out doing good deeds who is attacked by an unknown stranger. This has become the touchstone for understanding a legitimate and deserving victim, that is, someone who readily and easitly acquires the label of victim

Question 6

What is the victim hierarchy?

Answer 6

In the victim hierarchy, he is at the peak of “true” victimization, with no
need to seek sympathy or support (Cole 2007). He is not guilty,
impulsive, or suffering from a risky lifestyle or a tarnished past that is
not respected. In contrast to the characterization of women as
archetypal victims, there are men who are largely exempt from
victimization and invisible as victims. Men and men are seen as fearless
criminals.

Question 7

What does feminist criminology acknowledge?

Answer 7

Smart in 1976 pioneered work throught the 1980’s and had major implications in terms of understanding women as victims of violence from men. This era also shaped our understanding of criminal women as socially and economically marginalised and framed female offenders as suffering at the expense of unjust, sexist, bias and patriarchal systemas and institutions, instorducing women as vulnerable nas socially and culturally victimised.

Question 8

According to Rumgay what is the victimized offender?

Answer 8

Identifies the needs of women as a result of their victimization

Question 9

How did feminist criminology and victimology arise?

Answer 9

From the women’s rights movements, run by women for abused women and their children, a provider of temporary safe housing nad campaigns for legal protection for survivors and rape crisis interventions and later rape suites were established

Question 10

What are the feminist criminology foundementals ?

Answer 10

A liberal approach challenges sexism and promotes equaility, arguements based on equality are based on the belief that equality -non discrimination- is given to treating men and women the same (giving the same opportunities) The attitude towards human rights according to which everyone must be treated equally, fairly and with dignity is clear.

Question 11

What is radical feminism? and what does it mostly aim to resolve ?

Answer 11

challenges the sexual power of men over women and defends women’s knowldedge at the forefront; above all, radical feminism aims to resolve the differences between nature and culture, public
and private life. The focus on women and the home emphasizes
the subjugation of women through sexuality and
reproduction. What becomes visible is how men exercise
power over and through women’s bodies. A systematic analysis of the nature of the oppression of these women was the starting point of campaigns to end male dominance and control, with a special focus on sexual violence.

Question 12

what is socialist feminism?

Answer 12

focuses on the interaction between patriarchy and capitalism and
demands that the intersections of class, race, and gender relations be
considered in the search for social justice.

Question 13

what is postmodern feminism ?

Answer 13

considers different perspectives and gives voice to diversity. s noted
earlier, gender neutrality is associated with egalitarian feminist
positions, while proponents of gender-specific policies are associated
with a difference earlier, gender neutrality is associated with egalitarian feminist positions, while proponents of gender-specific policies are associated with a difference

Question 14

Difference between victim and survivor? which is better?

Answer 14

The term “survivors” is proposed as part of a resistance to the passive implications of victimhood. If you look at the genealogy of the word “sacrifice,” it is associated with sacrificial processes where the victim was more often than not a woman; if the word “victim” is gendered, as in French or in Italian, the victim is marked as female. The approach taken by the feminist and principled voluntary organization Rape Crisis explained the meaning of the titles and expressions used: “Using the term ‘survivor’ makes clear the seriousness of rape as, often, a life threatening attack. Second, public perceptions are shaped by terminology and the word ‘victim’ has connotations of passivity, even of helplessness. In the context of a movement whichaims to empower people who have been victimised, this is clearly inappropriate: ‘using the word “victim” to describe women takes away our power and contributes to the idea that it is right and natural for men to “prey” on us”. “Survivor” challenges the public’s perception of the female victim as helpless, powerless, blameworthy or vulnerable. It represents all the negotiation and coping strategies that women use in their daily lives Victim/survivor tensions are more problematic because this
either/or distinction does not capture or assess the process
by which a person is identified as a victim.
This point should be kept in mind in the context of
“separation-based” feminist perspectives because it is
possible that female victims can be active victims, passive
victims, active survivors, passive survivors, or even related
to different events and sometimes many different experiences.

Question 15

Is Feminist-informed victimology possible?

Answer 15

The key here is to focus on the relationship between agency
and structure. Understanding and negotiating the structural
position of women is therefore key to understanding women’s
powerlessness and survival.

Question 16

What is the Equality difference debate?

Answer 16

The debate on gender differences involves discussion on whether differences between men and women are biologically determined or socially constructed. This debate has created challenges in feminist thought by complicating the understanding of women’s victimization. the problems caused by the gender difference debate, feminist thought has managed
to highlight hidden processes and feminist studies have moved women far beyond the stereotype of passive victims of male aggression.

Question 17

what are the 4 important advances in challenging traditional victimology?

Answer 17

1. Demonstrated that women almost exclusively suffer from certain forms of victimization.
   2.Demonstrated a gender pattern of victimization risk and fear.
2. Exposed - dangerously for women - the public-private divide in policing and protection
   against violence
3. Highlighted the vulnerability that a gendered approach to victims can save.

Question 18

How can one have a gendered understanding of crime?

Answer 18

In patriarchal societies, cultural and social cues are usually masked by
gender differences. Fictional yet very real dichotomies ranging from gender differences to gender identity are important to break down. After a phase of criminological empirical testing of gender differences and discrimination, egalitarian approaches were complemented by other feminist voices, so that we now have a gendered understanding of the problem of crime and victimization. But the confusion appears in modern readings, and the confusion of these concepts is often apparent

Question 19

what is the difference between sex differences and gender differences ?

Answer 19

Sex differences, i.e. differences that can be observed between the biological categories, male and female: they are not necessarily a product of gender. Gender differences are those that result from the socially ascribed roles of being male or being female, i.e. masculinity and femininity

Question 20

What does sex differences mean according to victimology?

Answer 20

Sex-based analysis
1. might start by exploring women and girls’ share of
the experience of victimisation as compared with
men and boys’ share
2. According to social and radical feminists sex-based
analysis is complemented with inequalities and
power differentials

Question 21

What does Gender differences mean according to victimology ?

Answer 21

Gender-based analysis
1. Adds another dimension to our understanding >
the society’s influence
2. Overcomes the inequalities and power differentials
according to socialist and radical feminists
¡ Is the products of gender that provide a deeper
understanding of the significance of power,
powerlessness and, in the context of crime and
victimisation, vulnerability.

Question 22

What was Mackinnon’s feminist philosophy on gender neurtrality ?

Answer 22

MacKinnon’s feminist philosophy suggests
that gender neutrality is simply the same as
a male norm, where masculinity and
masculinity are the yardsticks by which
others are judged.
-This idea is reflected in Von Hentig’s
typology of victims, where the normal person
against whom the victim was measured was
gender neutral, even though that neutral
person is actually a white, heterosexual
male.
- Thus, gender neutrality hides the male norm.

Question 23

what are the reasons that feminist thinking still has a bearing on the study of victims ?

Answer 23

1.Feminist thought continues to influence victim research in part because positivist traditions that embrace the “male norm” continue loudly.
2. Early attempts to separate victims from non-victims are now reflected in a hierarchy of
victimization.
3. Some women are ideal victims (Christie 1986), while others are less worthy and are presented
as guilty and impetuous.
4. Assumptions that all victims of sexual violence are women (and all perpetrators are men) and
that men are never vulnerable, fearful or at high risk of victimization are reinforced.
5. Men form a “victimological other” that hides male sexual victimization.

Question 24

What is the difference in crimes and victimizations between men and women?

Answer 24

-When we focus on sexual crimes and victimization, as well as
crimes that occur in private spaces, we find that this dominant
pattern of violent crime is reversed and a gender gap emerges
in relation to such interpersonal violence.
- In the 2013/14 season, men were victims of known or
unknown violence more often than women, but women were
victims of domestic violence more often than men.
- The Ministry of Justice reported that “contrary to the findings
of general victimization of violent crimes, women experienced
intimate partner violence in all the violence subjects asked
about”.
- In 2012/13, women were seven times more likely than men to
report experiencing sexual violence. Rape is an exception to
the more general pattern of victimization, which is more
common among men than among women.

Question 25

Feminist movements and research have shed light on :

Answer 25

-Feminist movements have shed light on the severe
types of mistreatment that occur within households.
-Women are the primary victims of interpersonal
violence, typically at the hands of men.
-When examining the prevalence of rape, it becomes
evident that it is a gendered crime with a significant
percentage of cases involving perpetrators who are
acquainted with the victim.
-Women of certain ages and genders are more
vulnerable to sexual violence, which affects their fear
of men
¡ Women not only fear rape but also adopt various
coping mechanisms and support networks to manage
their risks and anxieties in daily life.

Question 26

Regarding the experience after rape we know that :

Answer 26

-the number of rapes reported to the police
has gone up in recent years,
-the number of convictions for rape has
remained constant in recent years and
-there has been a drop in the conviction rate
from 33 per cent in 1977 to just over 5 per
cent today.

Question 27

Women’s aid report shows that :

Answer 27

-On average, two women are killed every week by a current or former partner in
England and Wales.
-One in five women who use domestic abuse services has seen their perpetrator
face criminal charges.
-According to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the rate of violent crime
decreased from 1994 to 2014, but the rate of violent crime against women has
actually increased.
-Police data from the end of 2015 indicates a continuing rise in recorded sexual
offences, particularly since 2013, with figures up 29% from the previous year. The
total number of sexual offences recorded in a single year has surpassed 100,000
for the first time.

Question 28

what are rape myths?

Answer 28

These myths include the suggestion that
women lie about being raped, enjoy or
provoke rape, can prevent rape, should
fight back and show signs of struggle, will
sustain genital injuries, and are less
traumatized by rape committed by
someone they know. There are also myths
about male rapists, including the idea that
they have uncontrollable urges and cannot
control themselves, are sex-obsessed
predators, and are usually strangers to
their victims

Question 29

True of false: Women are most likely to be raped outside, after dark, and by a stranger , so women shouldnt go out alone at night

Answer 29

False: around 10% of rapes are committed by strangers, 90% of rapes are committed by known men and often by soemone who the survivor has previously trusted or loved. People are raped in their homes and workplaces. Rapists can be friends, colleagues, clients, neighbors, family members partners or exes

Question 30

Ture or false: when it comes to sex, women and girls sometimes play hard to get and say no whe really mean yes

Answer 30

False: everyone has the legal right to say no to sex and to change their mind about having sex at any point of sexual contactif the other person doesnt stop if the other person doesnt stop they are committing sexual assult or rape

Question 31

Ture of false: someone who has willingly drunk lots of alcohol or taken durgs shouldnt then complain about being raped

Answer 31

False: In law, consent must be fully and freely given by someone with the capacity to do so, if a person is unconscious or incapacitated by alcohol or durgs, they are unable to give their consent to sex, having sex with a person who is incapacitated through alcohol or durgs is therefore rape

Question 32

Gender Sensitivity: rational or irrational fears?

Answer 32

In 1983, there was a debate about whether women’s fear of victimization from men was rational or irrational
Feminist scholars deconstructed this argument and argued that women have just cause to be fearful due to the high levels of sexual crimes and domestic violence against women, which often go unreported and under-recorded.
However, the concept of rationality is subjective and can differ between men and women.
Feminist philosophers argue that women’s fears are reasonable and that
women’s understanding of risk is gendered, leading them to adapt their
behavior and lifestyles to minimize risks in their daily lives.
Women often negotiate their own safety and routinely stay in violent
relationships, while others take an active role in disrupting or stabilizing safety within their communities.

Question 33

What are the silencing agents of victims?

Answer 33

Jordan (2012) has identified six factors that contribute
to the silencing of victims of rape and hinder the
successful prosecution of perpetrators.
-The victim’s own difficulty in acknowledging the rape has
occurred.
-The police, may not respond appropriately to the victim’s
report, leading to fear of disbelief and lack of understanding
However, there has been a shift in recent years towards a
“belief in victim” approach by the police.
-The courts can also be a silencing agent by not providing
juries with full information about rape and allowing crossexamination that can cause secondary victimization.
¡ Formal and informal support networks can also contribute to
silencing, as friends and family may not believe the victim or
lack the vocabulary to express their concerns.
¡ Researchers, academics, and the media can play a silencing
role by perpetuating harmful myths and stereotypes about
rape.

Question 34

How can victim blaming lead to a cycle when it comes to blaming mothers for sexual abuse in the home?

Answer 34

The gender patterns of sexual abuse within families are
similar to those of domestic violence, with girls being
particularly vulnerable to abuse.
¡ While not all perpetrators of child sexual abuse are
male and not all victims are female, girls are especially
vulnerable within families.
¡ However, it is important to note that there are
differences between abuse within families and abuse by
non-family members. This can lead to a cycle of victim-blaming, where the mother is blamed
for not protecting her child, which in turn may deter other mothers from
seeking help or disclosing abuse.
This is a particularly complex issue, as many mothers may themselves
be victims of domestic violence and abuse and may face significant
barriers to protecting their children.
In addition, the gendered nature of parenting roles and expectations
can also contribute to the ways in which mothers are framed in
discussions of child protection.
It is important for child protection and safeguarding policies and
practices to take these factors into account and to avoid perpetuating
harmful stereotypes and victim-blaming.

Question 35

what was Plummer and Easten position on mother blaming ?

Answer 35

“The role of societal expectations of
mothers and the countertransference of
professionals who interact with these
mothers, and often judge them, needs to
be examined further… The role of mother
blaming cannot be overstated in this
matter.”

Question 36

What has feminist research shown about mother blaming?

Answer 36

Mother blaming can lead to negative consequences, such
as mothers feeling guilty and experiencing
a decline in
their mental and physical health.
¡ Feminist research has shown that women are more connected
to the social world and have
a greater responsibility towards
caring for and nurturing others
¡ As a result, women tend to bear
a greater burden of harm and
victimization, and may even blame themselves for the abuse
suffered by their children
¡ Such self-blame can lead to increased suffering for women. Despite efforts to avoid blaming mothers in child protection and safeguarding, there is still
a tendency to shift the focus onto them and away from the
perpetrator.
¡ This gendered response to child abuse can be difficult to
address in a sensitive manner and can create
a complex situation where blame is shifted away from the abuser.

Question 37

What is the denial of violent and abusive women?

Answer 37

Although society tends to blame mothers as indirect perpetrators,
there is also a denial of women’s ability to directly cause violence.
¡ Feminist voices have been silent on this issue, as the belief that women
are generally law-abiding and not real criminals perpetuates the notion
of women as offenders and men as victims.
¡ Female-on-male domestic violence is a taboo subject, but it has an
empirical basis, and its impact on men’s lives is under-researched.
¡ While some feminists have explored women’s agency in committing
certain types of violence,such as robbery and drug-related offenses, the
subject of abusive women is too sensitive for many to address. Feminists fear negative consequences for the movement and a backlash
against women.
¡ Women who commit crimes are doubly vilified and punished, while
those who victimize others remain largely invisible. Women as victims
are in a double bind, as conforming to the ideal-type female victim can
lead to support but also perpetuates gendered stereotypes and
expectations.
¡ However, resisting victimhood may result in harsher treatment and
penalties. The feminist task of considering women as perpetrators of
crime, including child sexual abuse and infanticide, is complex and
controversial.

Question 38

What is the theory, policy and practice of paradigm shifts?

Answer 38

Although society tends to blame mothers as indirect perpetrators,
there is also a denial of women’s ability to directly cause violence.
¡ Feminist voices have been silent on this issue, as the belief that women
are generally law-abiding and not real criminals perpetuates the notion
of women as offenders and men as victims.
¡ Female-on-male domestic violence is a taboo subject, but it has an
empirical basis, and its impact on men’s lives is under-researched.
¡ While some feminists have explored women’s agency in committing
certain types of violence,such as robbery and drug-related offenses, the
subject of abusive women is too sensitive for many to address. Feminists fear negative consequences for the movement and a backlash
against women.
¡ Women who commit crimes are doubly vilified and punished, while
those who victimize others remain largely invisible. Women as victims
are in a double bind, as conforming to the ideal-type female victim can
lead to support but also perpetuates gendered stereotypes and
expectations.
¡ However, resisting victimhood may result in harsher treatment and
penalties. The feminist task of considering women as perpetrators of
crime, including child sexual abuse and infanticide, is complex and
controversial.

Question 39

What is Mendelsohn’s typology of victims?

Answer 39

Mendelsohn’s typology categorizes victims based on their level of culpability, ranging from completely innocent victims to those who are more culpable than the offender.

Question 40

What is victim precipitation according to Amir?

Answer 40

Victim precipitation is a concept introduced by Amir, suggesting that certain victim behaviors can contribute to their victimization, particularly in the context of sexual assaults.

Question 41

What are the main points of the feminist critique of traditional victimology?

Answer 41

Feminist critique argues that traditional victimology often overlooks systemic and structural factors, reinforces victim-blaming, and fails to address the patriarchal influences on victimization, particularly gender-based violence.

Question 42

What is Christie’s concept of “The Perfect Victim”?

Answer 42

Christie’s concept of “The Perfect Victim” refers to societal tendencies to sympathize with victims who fit certain stereotypes—innocent, weak, and blameless—while marginalizing those who do not.

Question 43

What is the public-private divide in the context of feminist victimology?

Answer 43

The public-private divide refers to the traditional neglect of violence occurring in private spaces, such as domestic violence, by policing and protection measures. Feminist victimology stresses the need to address violence within the home.

Question 44

How do the terms ‘victim’ and ‘survivor’ differ in feminist victimology?

Answer 44

Victim’ can imply passivity and helplessness, while ‘survivor’ emphasizes resilience and agency, promoting a more empowering perspective for those who have experienced victimization.

Question 45

What are key contributions of feminist victimology?

Answer 45

Key contributions include highlighting systemic factors in victimization, challenging victim-blaming, advocating for better support for victims of domestic abuse, and promoting empowering terminology.

Question 46

How does language influence public perceptions of victims and survivors?

Answer 46

Language shapes perceptions by either stigmatizing or empowering those affected by crime. Using terms like ‘survivor’ instead of ‘victim’ can reduce stigma and promote recovery and resilience

Question 47

What is the focus of traditional victimology?

Answer 47

Traditional victimology focuses on understanding the characteristics of victims, their relationship with offenders, and their role in the criminal justice system, often emphasizing victim culpability.

Question 48

What is the feminist critique of the concept of victim culpability?

Answer 48

Feminists argue that the concept of victim culpability reinforces harmful stereotypes and blames victims for crimes committed against them, ignoring power dynamics and coercive circumstances.

Question 49

Why are structural factors important in understanding victimization according to feminist victimology?

Answer 49

Structural factors such as gender, socio-economic status, and cultural norms influence victimization patterns and the experiences of victims. Addressing these factors is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of victimization.

Question 50

How does restorative justice involve victims?

Answer 50

Restorative justice involves victims by allowing them to express their feelings, ask questions, and participate in the decision-making process, aiming to promote healing and closure.

Question 51

How does restorative justice empower victims?

Answer 51

Restorative justice empowers victims by giving them a voice in the justice process, facilitating emotional and psychological healing, and enabling them to actively participate in addressing the harm caused by the crime.