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CRIM 3 > VICTIMOLOGY > Flashcards

VICTIMOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Victimology was coined in the

A

mid-1900s

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2
Q

Victimology first emerged in the

A

1940s and ’50s

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3
Q

A person or property was harmed, the victim and victim’s family seek justice. So
that

A

Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation)

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4
Q

– the execution or casting out of a person or animal to satisfy a deity or hierarchy.

A

scapegoat

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5
Q

Scientific study of the psychological effects of crime and the relationship between
victims and offender

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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6
Q

Examine victim patterns and tendencies.

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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7
Q

Study of the ways in which the behavior of crime victims may have led to or
contributed to their victimization.

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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8
Q

Include the relationship between victims and offender, victims and criminal
justice system, and victims and other social groups and institutions, such as
media, business, and social movements.

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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9
Q

Branch of criminology that deals about the factors of victimization and
contributory role of the victims in the crime

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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10
Q

Scientific study of crime victims

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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11
Q

focuses on helping victims heal after a crime

A

VICTIMOLOGY

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12
Q

concerned with fostering recovery

A

VICTIMOLOGISTS

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13
Q

aim to understand the criminals motives and the underlying causes of crimes.

A

CRIMINOLOGY

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14
Q

prevention and seek to understand the social impact of crimes

A

CRIMINOLOGOGISTS

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15
Q

the state, quality or fact of being a victim

A

VICTIMITY

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16
Q

a person who victimizes others.

A

VICTIMIZER

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17
Q

Victim Characteristics

A

Age
Gender
Social Status
Marital Status
RACE
RESIDENCE

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18
Q

– Urban residents are more likely than rural or sub – urban residents to become victims of crime.

A

RESIDENCE

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19
Q

– In the U.S., African Americans (blacks) are more likely than whites to be
victims of violent crime

A

RACE

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20
Q

– divorced and never – married males and females are victimized
more often than married people. Widows and widowers have the lowest
victimization risk.

A

MARITAL STATUS

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21
Q

– People in the lowest income categories are much more likely to
become crime victims than those who are more affluent. Poor individuals are
most likely the victims of crime because they live in crime – prone areas.
Although the poor are more likely to suffer violent crimes, the wealthy are more
likely to be targets of personal theft crimes, such as pocket picking and purse
(bag) snatching.

A

SOCIAL STATUS

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22
Q

– except for the crimes of rape and sexual assault, males are more likely
than females to suffer violent crime. Men are twice as likely as women to
experience aggravated assault and robbery. Women, however, are six times more
likely than men to be victims of rape or sexual assault

A

GENDER

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23
Q

Victim data reveal that young people face a much greater victimization
risk that do older persons.

A

AGE

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24
Q

When men are the victims of violent crime, the perpetrator is a stranger; women
are much more likely to be attacked by a relative that are men. About two – thirds of
all attacks against women are committed by a husband, boyfriend, family member, or
acquaintance.

A

GENDER

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25
Q

Three Kinds of Crime Victim

A
  1. Direct or Primary Crime Victim
  2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim
  3. Tertiary Crime Victims
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26
Q
  • This kind of victim directly suffers the harm
    or injury which is physical, psychological, and economic losses.
A

Direct or Primary Crime Victim

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27
Q
  • Victims who experience the harm second
    hand, such as intimate partners or significant others of rape victims or children
    of a battered woman. This may include family members of the primary victims.
    However, Karmen (2007) also included first responders and rescue workers who
    race to crime scenes (such as police officers, forensic evidence technicians,
    paramedics, firefighters and the like) as secondary victims because they are also
    exposed to emergencies and trauma on such a routine basis and that they also
    need emotional support themselves
A

Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim

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28
Q
  • Victims who experience the harm vicariously, such as through media accounts, the scared public or community due to watching news
    regarding crime incidents
A

Tertiary Crime Victims

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29
Q

German Criminologist & Author, “The Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the
Sociobiology of Crime.”

A

HANS VON HENTIG

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30
Q

Determined that some of the same characteristics that produce crime also
produce victimization

A

HANS VON HENTIG

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31
Q

Developed a typology on the degree to which the victims contributed to causing
the criminal act

A

HANS VON HENTIG

32
Q

Consider that the victims may provoke victimization, acting as agents
provocateurs, based on their characteristics

A

HANS VON HENTIG

33
Q

10 Victims Categories based on their propensity for Victimization:

A
  1. Young;
  2. Females;
  3. Old;
  4. Immigrants
  5. Depressed/ Lonesome/Heartbroken
  6. Mentally Defective/Deranged;
  7. The Acquisitive;
  8. Dull Normal;
  9. Minorities;
  10. Tormentor
34
Q

Father of Victimology

A

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

35
Q

Coined the relationship between victims and criminals that they knew each other
and had some kind of existing relationship

A

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

36
Q

Victims bear no responsibility for their victimization, based on their behaviors or
actions, do

A

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

37
Q

6 Degree of Categories of Victims:

A
  1. Completely innocent victim
  2. Victim with minor guilt
  3. Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim
  4. Victim more than offender
  5. Most guilty victim
  6. Simulating or imaginary victim
38
Q

No responsibility at all; Victimized simply because of
his/her nature.

A

Completely innocent victim

39
Q

Victimized due to ignorance; Inadvertently places
himself/herself in harm’s nature.

A

Victim with minor guilt

40
Q

Who bears as much responsibility
as the offender.

A

Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim

41
Q

Who instigates/provokes his/her own victimization

A

Victim more than offender

42
Q

Victim is not victimized; Fabricates a
victimization event

A

Simulating or imaginary victim

43
Q

Victimized during the perpetration of a crime

A

Most guilty victim

44
Q

First person to empirically investigate victim precipitation.

A

MARVIN WOLFGANG

45
Q

Classic study of homicides occurring in Philadelphia.

A

MARVIN WOLFGANG

46
Q

Classic study of homicides occurring in Philadelphia.

A

MARVIN WOLFGANG

47
Q

26% of all Homicides in Philadelphia

A

MARVIN WOLFGANG

48
Q

3 Factors that common to victim-precipitated homicide:

A

a) The victim and offender had some prior interpersonal relationship;

b) There was a series of escalating disagreements between the parties; and

c) The victim had consumed alcohol.

49
Q

Victimologist & Author, “The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional
Responsibility.”

A

STEPHEN SCHAFER

50
Q

Classifies victims on the basis of their “functional responsibilitY”

A

STEPHEN SCHAFER

50
Q

7 Categories and labeled their levels of responsibility

A
  1. Unrated victims – no responsibility
  2. Provocative victims – share responsibility
  3. Precipitative victims - some degree of responsibility
  4. Biologically weak victims – no responsibility
  5. Socially weak victims – no responsibility
  6. Self-victimizing – total responsibility
  7. Political victims – no responsibility
50
Q

His study shows that victims precipitated their own rapes and also identified
common attributes. As results, rapes were likely to involve alcohol, the victim
was likely to engage in seductive behavior, likely to wear revealing clothing,
likely to use risqué language and she likely had a bad reputation. Women are
largely responsible for their own victimization.

A

MENACHEM AMIR

51
Q

Student of Wolfgang, conducted an empirical investigation about rape incidents
that were reported to the police

A

MENACHEM AMIR

52
Q

First promulgated by Von Hentig in 1941 and applies only to violent
victimization.

A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

53
Q

People may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their
injury or death

A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

53
Q

First promulgated by Von Hentig in ___ and applies only to violent
victimization.

A

1941

54
Q

Its basic premise is that by acting in certain provocative ways, some individuals
initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.

A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

54
Q
  • How much a victim contribute to his or her own victimization.
A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

55
Q
  • Extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization
A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION

56
Q
  • Concept of victim precipitation is rooted in the notion, although some victims are
    not at all responsible for their victimization.
A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION

57
Q
  • Involves at least two people – an offender and a victim – both parties are acting
    and often reacting, before, during, and after incident.
A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION

58
Q
  • It is used to blame the victim while ignoring the offender’s role.
A

VICTIM PRECIPITATION

59
Q

2 Types of Victim Precipitation:

A

a. Active Precipitation
b. Passive Precipitation

60
Q

– it occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or
fighting words, or even attack first.

A

Active Precipitation

61
Q

it occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.

-the crime can occur because of personal conflict.

-it also occur when the victim belongs to a group whose mere presence
threatens the attacker’s reputation, status, or economic well-being

A

Passive Precipitation

62
Q

This is one is found in a variety of criminological studies, from prison riots to
strain theories

A

BENJAMIN & MATER’S THREEFOLD MODEL

63
Q

BENJAMIN & MATER’S THREEFOLD MODEL

A

a. Precipitating Factors
b. Attracting factors
c. Predisposing factors

63
Q

– These includes time, space, being in the wrong place at
the wrong time

A

Precipitating Factors

63
Q

posits that persons with certain demographic profiles
are more prone to experience criminal victimization because their lifestyles
expose risky situations

A

LIFE STYLE THEORY

63
Q

– These includes choices, options, lifestyles (the sociological
expression ‘’lifestyle’’ refers to daily routine activities as well as special events
one engages in on a predictable basis)

A

Attracting factors

64
Q

– these includes all the socio – demographic characteristics
of victims, being male, being young, being poor, being a minority, living in
squalor, being single and being unemployed.

A

Predisposing factors

64
Q

The more often victims visit dangerous places, the more likely they will be
exposed to crime and violence. Victims do not encourage crime, but are victim
prone because they reside in socially disorganized high-crime areas where they
have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective
of their own behavior or lifestyle

A

DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

65
Q

ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY BY

A

Cohen and Felson’s (1979)

66
Q

ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY three elements converge:

A

a. a motivated offender,
b. a suitable target, and
c. the absence of a capable guardian

67
Q

This theory includes the routine activities of both offender and victim

A

ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY

CRIM 3 (5 decks)

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