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Ocular Disease III > VF 1 > Flashcards

VF 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the limits of the VF

A

superior: 60
inferior: 75
temporal: 100
nasal: 60
“TINS”

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2
Q

what does the physiologic blind spot correspond to

A

the optic nerve

  • 15 deg temporal to the point of fixation
  • 1.5 degrees below horizontal meridian
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3
Q

what connects all point of the same size and brightness

A

isopter

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4
Q

With a 30-2 static perimeter, what are we testing

A

the central 30 degrees of vision; each point is 6 degrees away from each other.

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5
Q

what does a false negative mean on the VF

A

the patient saw a dimmer light, you present a brighter light and they can’t see it, but they should be really able to see it.

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6
Q

what does a depression indicate?

A

generalized reduction in retinal sensitivity

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7
Q

what does a scotoma indicate?

A

focal area of reduced sensitivity surrounded by an area of normal sensitivity

  • absolute: defect persists when maximum stimulus is used
  • relative: defect present to weaker stimulus, but disappears with brighter stimulus
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8
Q

what is lateral to the optic chiasm? what is superior to the chiasm? what is inferior to it?

A

ICA and cavernous sinus; hypothalamus and floor of the third ventricle; pituitary gland

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9
Q

Chiasm usually sits centrally, above the sella turcica, so if we had a pituitary tumor it would affect the chiasm first. But what about a pre fixed or post fixed chiasm? Where would the pituitary tumor affect?

A
  1. pre fixed: chiasm sits in front of the sella turcica, pituitary tumor would affect the optic tract.
  2. post fixed: chiasm sits behind the sella, pituitary tumor would affect the optic nerve
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10
Q

where does the optic tract extend from?

A

optic chiasm to LGN; VF will produce homonymous hemianopia

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11
Q

what happens in a LGN defect

A

VF lesions will be homonymous hemianopia

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12
Q

Inferior fibers affect your Superior VF, and course through the ____ lobe

A

temporal

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13
Q

Superior fibers affect your inferior VF, and course the _____ lobe

A

parietal

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14
Q

The circle of willis has a dual artery supply. its mainly supported by the ____ ____ artery and gets additional blood supply from the _____ ____ artery

A

posterior cerebral; middle cerebral; dual vascular supply of visual cortex often results in macular sparing VF defects.

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15
Q

Anything affecting the optic chaism and beyond, bc the nasal fibers have cross over you will have ______ vf defect

A

homonymous (same side) hemianopia (half) VF defect

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16
Q

lesions of the optic nerve are typically _____VF loss, invades vertical hemianopic line, may respect the horizontal line, may have complete/partial vision loss. Will almost always have a ____ vision defect, and will almost always have a ____

A

unilateral; color; RAPD

17
Q

glaucoma is usually cupping without _____

A

pallor; if you see pallor its typically a different type of optic neuropathy, not glaucoma

18
Q

what are some causes of lesions of the optic nerve

A
  1. optic neuritis
  2. trauma
  3. space occupying lesion (meningioma)
  4. ischemic optic atrophy (NAION, AION)
  5. Papilledema
  6. Nutritonal/toxic insult
  7. Glaucoma
19
Q

chiasmal disease is typically _____, progressive, and bilateral asymmetric. tumors usually don’t cause headaches. main cause of chiasmal disease is _____ adenoma. Other causes of chiasmal disease include suprasellar meningioma, _____ aneurysm, or optic nerve glioma

A

painless; pituitary

20
Q

what are signs of chiasmal disease

A
  1. +/- VA loss
  2. VF defect (usually bitemporal)
  3. optic atrophy
  4. APD
  5. dyschromatopsia
  6. +/- endocrine dysfunction
  7. diplopia: if adjacent cavernous sinus is involved. this is where CN 3, 4, and 6 course through
21
Q

The cause of anterior chiasmal syndrome is usually due to junctional scotoma due to post fixed chiasm (chiasm is posterior to affected sella) which can cause compression of Von Willebrand’s Knee due to:

A

on ipsilateral side you have central 30 degree loss, in contralateral eye you have have superior temporal deficit, thats because of crossing of inferior nasal fibers into opposite optic nerve before going into opposite optic tract

22
Q

What are clinical findings of anterior chiasmal syndrome

A
  1. ipsilateral RAPD (bc that whole nerve has been nicked)
  2. +/- diplopia
  3. ipsilateral central scotoma
  4. contralateral superior temporal defect.
23
Q

What happens in posterior chiasmal syndrome

A

Chiasm sits anterior to tunica sella, macular fibers cross at posterior chiasm, tumor will impinge on posterior chiasm and optic tracts which causes central bitemporal hemianopia defect because your nasal macular fibers are the most posterior

24
Q

Middle chiasmal syndrome is most common. which is usually due to _____ gland tumors. clinical presentation includes:

A

bitemporal hemianopia and bilateral optic atrophy because you’re compressing the nasal fibers from both eyes

25
Q

what are causes of lateral chiasmal lesions

A
  1. distention of the third ventricle causing pressure on each side of the chiasm
  2. ICA aneurysm
26
Q

what are clinical findings of a lateral chiasmal lesion

A

binasal hemianopia bc you’re compressing bitemporal fibers that are coursing through each tract

27
Q

what are associated with chiasmal lesions

A
  1. band pallor
  2. diffuse pallor
  3. APD
  4. dyschromatopsia
  5. endocrine dysfunction
28
Q

what are different types of things that happen with endocrine dysfunction

A
  1. acromegaly: prominent brows/nose/chin
  2. cushing syndrome: moon face, truncal obesity
  3. galactorrhea: making too much breast milk
  4. amenorrhea
  5. dec libido, infertility
29
Q

how do you manage chiasmal disease

A
  1. MRI with and without contrast
  2. neurosurgical referal
  3. endocrine workup
  4. monitor VF
30
Q

What is typical in post chiasm disease

A
  1. always homonymous (nasal VF of one eye and temporal VF of other eye)
  2. congrous
  3. Decreased VA is NOT common unless lesion involves optic nerve or occipital lobes
  4. Usually due to a cardiovascular disease
  5. contralateral APD bc temporal VF is 40% larger than nasal VF.
  6. Band opic atrophy: due to crossing of nasal fibers
31
Q

what are causes of optic tract lesions

A
  1. tumors.
  2. ischemic stroke
  3. aneurysms of superior cerebellar or PCA
32
Q

what are clinical findings of optic tract lesions

A
  1. +/- congrous homonymous hemianopia
  2. band optic atrophy
  3. contralateral APD.
33
Q

what are causes of lesions of optic radiations

A
  1. vascular lesions
  2. primary and secondary tumors
  3. trauma
34
Q

what are clinical findings of optic radiation lesions

A
  1. incomplete incongrous quandranopsia

2. neurologic deficits predominate

35
Q

describe temporal lobe lesions

A
  1. incongruous pie in sky
  2. affects meyers loop: inferior retinal fibers
  3. neurologic symptoms predominate -seizures and hallucinations common
36
Q

describe parietal lobe lesions

A
  1. incongrous pie on the floor
  2. affects superior retinal fibers
  3. neurologic symptoms predominate
37
Q

describe lesions of the visual cortex

A
  1. strictly visual
  2. middle cerebral artery infarct: macular sparing; congruous homonymous hemianopia with no neurologic defects
  3. posterior cerebral artery infarct: congrous homonymous macular defect
38
Q

describe lesions of the occipital lobe

A
  1. extreme congruity
  2. no neurologic symtoms
  3. superior and inferior fibers completely sep and respect for vertical and horizontal midline

Ocular Disease III (16 decks)

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