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Anatomy Final > Vetebral Column > Flashcards

Vetebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteology

A

Study of bones

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2
Q

What is arthrology

A

Branch of anatomy dealing with the joints and ligaments of the body

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3
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscles

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4
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body

A

206

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5
Q

How many bones in the axial skeleton

A

80

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6
Q

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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7
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A
  • Skull
    -Hyoid
    -Vertebral column (spine, sacrum, coccyx)
    -Sternum
    -Ribs
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8
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Bones of upper extremities
The pectoral girdle
The pelvic girdle
Bones of the lower extremities

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9
Q

Function of the vertebral column

A
  • strong flexible rod providing movement of the trunk
  • Encloses and protects the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
  • Supports the head and acts as a pivot
  • Serves as a point of attachment for ribs and act as an axis of the body
  • maintaining the posture of body and locomotion
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10
Q

How many vertebrae does the vertebral column consist of

A

33

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11
Q

What are the five parts of the vertebral column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumber
Sacrum
Coccyx

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12
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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13
Q

How many lumber vertebrae

A

5

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14
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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15
Q

How many sacrum vertebrae

A

5 fused

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16
Q

How many vertebrae form the coccyx

A

4 fused

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17
Q

What are the two kind of normal curvatures of the vertebral column

A
  1. Primary curvatures
  2. Secondary curvatures
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of primary curvatures ? Which part of the vertebra are primary curvatures

A
  • Present at birth
  • Immobile (attached to skeletal components)
    
    Thoracic and sacral
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary curvatures ? Which part of the vertebra are secondary curvatures

A
  • develop AFTER birth
  • flexible due to lack of skeletal connections

Cervical and Lumbar

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20
Q

What tells you that the cervical curvature is developed ?

A

Child holds head erect

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21
Q

What tells you that the lumbar curvature is developed

A

Child stands erect/walk

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22
Q

Which parts of the spine allow for greater movement then the other regions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical and lumbar

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23
Q

In early embryo, the vertebral column is what shape

A

C-shaped

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24
Q

True or false
Prenatal and postnatal growth accounts for 4 distinct curvilinear regions in the adult

A

True

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25
Q

Presence of an abnormal lateral curvature is called

A

Scoliosis

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26
Q

Exaggeration of curvatures in thoracic region is called

A

Kyphosis

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27
Q

Exaggeration of curvatures in lumbar region is called

A

Lordosis

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28
Q

What are the general structures of the vertebrae

A

Spinous process (1)

Transverse process (2)

Articular processes / zygapophyses (4)

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29
Q

Purpose of Intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal nerves come out from it

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30
Q

The vertebral foramina of the successive vertebrae form the

A

Vertebral canal

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31
Q

What passes through vertebral canal

A

Spinal cord

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32
Q

Encircled by the body anteriorly, vertebral arch posteriorly and pedicles laterally is the

A

Vertebral foramen

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33
Q

What are the first two cervical Vertebrae called

A

Atlas and axis

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34
Q

How many typical cervical vertebrae are there

A

4

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35
Q

How many atypical cervical vertebrae are there and what are they

A

3

  • atlas
  • axis
  • c7
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36
Q

What kind of spine does a typical cervical vertebra have

A

Bifid spine

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37
Q

What is special about cervical vertebrae compared to other vertebrae

A

They have a foramina in their transverse processes called transverse foramina

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38
Q

What does a typical cervical vertebrae have

A

Body
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous process

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39
Q

What is the 7th cervical vertebrae called and why

A

Vertebra prominens

Because of its long (not bifid) spinous process

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40
Q

True or false
C7 has a bifid spine like all the other cervical vertebrae

A

False

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41
Q

Transverse foramen allows for passage of which blood vessel

A

Vertebral arteries

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42
Q

What is different about C7’s transverse foramen ?

A

Vertebral artery does not pass through it

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43
Q

There is usually intervertebral disc between adjacent vertebra ; however, where on the vertebral column do we not have intervertebral discs ?

A

-Between atlas and axis
-Between Fused sacrum and Fused coccyx

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44
Q

Characteristics of atlas

A
  • ring-shaped
  • no body
  • no spine
  • has anterior and posterior arches
  • transverse foramen
  • supports the skull
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45
Q

What makes axis atypical ?

A

Because it has an extra protruding process known as the dens (odontoid process)

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46
Q

The most characteristic feature of axis is

A

Dens

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47
Q

What is the purpose of dens of axis

A

Dens articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas, providing a PIVOT about which the atlas and head can rotate

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48
Q

How many typical and atypical vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae

A

8 typical
4 atypical

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49
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are non-typical

A

T1
T10
T11
T12

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50
Q

What shape is the body of a thoracic vertebrae

A

Heart shaped

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51
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic vertebrae

A

Round vertebral foramen

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52
Q

Rips connect to the thoracic vertebrae at two main points

A

Inferior and superior costal facets (Demi facets)

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53
Q

Which site does a rib form a joint with the transverse process

A

Transverse costal facet

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54
Q

Largest vertebrae of the vertebral column belong to

A

Lumber vertebrae

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55
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen of lumber vertebrae

A

Triangular

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56
Q

What are absent in lumber vertebrae and why

A

Costal facets are absent because there is no longer need for rib attachment in the lumbar region

57
Q

What part of the vertebral column is the base of the vertebral column and part of the pelvis

A

Sacral vertebrae

58
Q

Bones articulate with the articular surfaces of the sacrum forming what joint

A

Sacroiliac joints

59
Q

What kind of joint is intervertebral disc

A

Specialized Cartilaginous joints

60
Q

Function of intervertebral disc

A
  • cushion-like pads between vertebrae
    -act as shock absorbers
  • 25% of height of vertebral column
61
Q

What is the intervertebral disc composed of

A

Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus 

62
Q

What is anulus fibrosus

A

Sturdy tire-like structure that encases a gel like center

63
Q

What is nucleus pulposus

A

Gel-like center in the intervertebral disc 

64
Q

Function of annulus fibrosus

A
  • Enhances the spines rotational stability
  • helps to resist compressive stress
65
Q

What are the largest structures in the body without vascular supply

A

Intervertebral discs

66
Q

Normally body weight is transmitted through the IVD disc by loading the nucleus pulposus, which is then compressed and transfers it’s loading to the annulus fibrosus which will resist this load .
HOWEVER, and some people it does not resist the load so what happens to the nucleus pulposus??

A

Forced out of the disc or becomes herniated , affecting adjacent spinal nerves

67
Q

How many different joints are in the vertebral column

A

3

68
Q

What are the 3 different joints in the vertebral column

A

Atlanto – occipital joint
Atlanto – axial joint
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints

69
Q

How many zygapophyseal joints are present per vertebra

A

4

70
Q

Atlantooccipital joint is between what two structures and what movement does it facilitate

A

Occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of the atlas

Nodding: flexion of the head

71
Q

Atlantoaxial joint is between what two structures and what movement does it facilitate

A

The dens of the axis And the anterior arch of the atlas

Pivoting / rotating head

72
Q

Zygapophyseal joint is between what two structures and what movement does it facilitate

A

Between articular processes of adjacent vertebra

Gliding movements between vertebra

73
Q

What is lumber spine puncture And at what level is it done

A

Procedure to collect CSF sample from the SUBARACHNOID space  by inserting a specific needle between the spinous processes of (L3 and L4 )or (L4 and L5) because at these levels there’s little danger of damaging the spinal cord which ends at L1 to L2

74
Q

What is laminectomy

A

Lamina of several vertebrae are removed to relieve pressure on neural structures, and it exposes the spinal cord

75
Q

What is the outer most meninges

A

Dura mater

(Attached to the inner layer of bone surrounding the spinal canal)

76
Q

Between the Dura and the bone is a potential space called ____________.

What does it contain

A

Epidural space

Contains a small amount of fat and vertebral veins

77
Q

Beneath the dura matter is a thin and delicate membrane called

A

Arachnoid mater

78
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater in normal and pathological conditions

A

Normally, the arachnoid mater is closely attached to the inside of the Dura mater

And pathological conditions, a potential space exists called the subdural space between the arachnoid and Dura mater, which can fill with blood or pus

79
Q

Beneath the arachnoid mater and intimately attached to the spinal cord is the

A

Pia mater

80
Q

The space between the arachnoid matter and pia matter is the ______________.

What does it usually contain

A

Subarachnoid space

Contains CSF

81
Q

A rope like extension of the pia matter that attaches the end of the spinal cord to the caudal end of the dura matter

A

Filum terminale

82
Q

The spinal cord extends from the _____________ to the level of ________________.

A

From : Medulla oblongata (foramen magnum)

To: L1 or L2

83
Q

True or false
The spinal cord extends down the entire length of the vertebral column

A

False

(Ends at L1 or L2)

84
Q

The spinal cord shows to enlargements ; what are they

A

Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement

85
Q

Level of cervical enlargement

A

C4 to T1

86
Q

Level of lumber enlargement

A

T9 to T12

87
Q

Nerves of upper limb arise from which enlargement

A

Cervical

88
Q

Nerves of lower limb arise from which enlargement

A

Lumbar

89
Q

The conical tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called

A

Conus medullaris

90
Q

A long filament of connective tissue that attaches to the coccyx inferiorly

A

Filum terminale

91
Q

Collection of nerve roots

A

Cauda equina

92
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have

A

31 pairs

93
Q

How many spinal nerves in each category

A
94
Q

Muscles of the back can be divided into three groups

A
95
Q

How many pairs of muscles and the superficial layer of back muscles

A

5

96
Q

What are the five pairs of back muscles in the superficial layer

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

97
Q

Which superficial back muscles are deep to the trapezius

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

98
Q

Origin and insertion of trapezius

A

Origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spines of the 7th and all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: clavicle, acromion, scapular spine

99
Q

Origin and insertion of latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, crest of ilium

Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus 

100
Q

Origin and insertion of rhomboid major

A

Origin: spinous processes of T2 to T5

Insertion: scapula, below scapular spine

101
Q

Origin and insertion of rhomboid minor

A

Origin: spine of C7 and T1

Insertion: medial margin of scapula at the roots of scapular spine

102
Q

Origin and insertion of levator scapula

A

Origin: transverse processes of C1 to C4

Insertion: medial border of scapula

103
Q

Action of trapezius

A

-Elevates shoulder laterally
-rotates scapula
-retract scapular on thoracic wall

104
Q

Action of latissimus dorsi

A
  • Adducts
    -extends
  • medially rotates arm
105
Q

Action of rhomboid major

A

Retracts and medially rotates scapula

106
Q

Action of rhomboid minor

A

Retracts and medially rotates scapula

107
Q

Action of levator scapula

A

Raises scapula

108
Q

What innervates the trapezius

A

Spinal accessory nerve

109
Q

What innervates latissimus dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

110
Q

What innervates rhomboid major

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

111
Q

What innervates rhomboid minor

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

112
Q

What innervates levator scapula

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

113
Q

What are the intermediate back muscles

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

114
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior

A

Origin: ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebra C7 and T1 to T3

Insertion: ribs 2 to 5

115
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus posterior inferior

A

Origin: spines of vertebrae T 11 to T 12 and L1 to L2

Insertion: ribs 9 to 12

116
Q

Action of serratus posterior superior

A

Elevates upper ribs 

117
Q

Action of serratus posterior inferior

A

Pulls down lower ribs 

118
Q

Innervation of serratus posterior superior

A

Ventral primary rami T2 to T5

119
Q

Innervation of serratus posterior inferior

A

Ventral primary rami T9 to T12

120
Q

Superficial layer of deep muscles of the back

A

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

121
Q

Intermediate layer of deep muscles of the back

A

Erector spinae :

  • iliocostalis (lateral)
  • longissimus (intermediate)
  • Spinalis (medial)
122
Q

Deep layer of the deep muscles of the back

A

Transversospinal muscle group:

  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
123
Q

Describe the superficial nerves of the back

A

they travel along with an artery and vein in a neurovascular bundle

124
Q

Muscles of the back are mostly supplied by which rami

A

Dorsal rami

125
Q

What is spondylosis and what can it cause 

A

Chronic degenerative disease of the intervertebral discs and/or vertebral bodies

May compress spinal cord, nerves, or roots; causing pain , weakness etc.

126
Q

What is spinal cord transection

A

Injury that results in loss of all sensation and voluntary movement inferior to the lesion

127
Q

What is meant by paraplegia

A

Paralysis of lower body including both lower extremities

128
Q

What can cause paraplegia

A

Spinal cord transaction between cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

129
Q

What is quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

130
Q

What causes quadriplegia

A

Spinal cord transaction superior to C3

131
Q

C4 injury causes

A

Quadriplegia

132
Q

C6 injury causes

A

Quadriplegia

133
Q

T6 injury causes

A

Paraplegia

134
Q

L1 injury causes

A

Paraplegia

135
Q

What is sciatica

A

Pain resulting from irritation of the sciatic nerve, which is usually caused by compression or trauma to the sciatic nerve or its roots

136
Q

Radiculopathies 

A

Shooting pain that radiates down one or both legs often associated with sensory and motor impairment

This can be caused by compression or stretching of spinal nerves or roots

137
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Loss of endogenous estrogen leads to severe decrease in vertebral bone density due to demineralization.

Commonly presents medically as a vertebral compression fracture

138
Q

Osteoporosis is most common in which patients

A

Postmenopausal women 

139
Q

How can osteoporosis be prevented or slowed down

A

Hormone replacement therapy

Anatomy Final (4 decks)

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