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Anatomy Final > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

The thorax has two major openings

A

Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture

A

Manubrium of sternum
First pair of ribs
Body of the vertebra T1

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3
Q

Can we palpate the superior thoracic aperture

A

No.due to the clavicle being in the way

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4
Q

Then inferior thoracic aperture is almost completely covered by what muscle

A

Diaphragm 

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5
Q

Borders of the thoracic cage

A

Posteriorly: thoracic vertebral column

Anteriorly: sternum and costal cartilages

Laterally: ribs and intercostal spaces

Superiorly: suprapleural membrane

Inferiorly: diaphragm 

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6
Q

Where does the apex of the lung start 

A

1-2 cm above the clavicle

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7
Q

The thoracic skeleton consist of

A

-12 pairs of ribs and associated costal cartilages

-12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervertebral discs

-The sternum 

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8
Q

What is the sternum and what is its parts

A

Flat bone in the midline of anterior chest wall

  • Manubrium
  • Body of sternum
  • Xiphoid process
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9
Q

The large, visible dip on the manubrium is called

A

Jugular notch or suprasternal notch

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10
Q

What forms the costal margin

A

Bottom edge of the rib cage

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11
Q

The manubrium articulates with the sternum forming what joint

A

Manubriosternal joint

Also called sternal angle or angle of Louis

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12
Q

 Besides the sternum, what else does the manubrium articulate with

A

-Clavicles
-First costal cartilage
-Upper part of second costal cartilage

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13
Q

The manubrium lies opposite to which vertebral levels

A

T3 and T4

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14
Q

The sternal angle is around which vertebral level

A

At the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 to T5

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15
Q

What is the significance of the sternal angle

A

At this level we have:

  • Bifurcation of trachea
  • beginning and end of aortic arch
  • Adjacent to the second rib
    
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16
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae are

A

T2 to T8

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17
Q

Atypical thoracic vertebrae are

A

T1
T9
T10
T11
T12

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18
Q

The transverse facet of the vertebrae articulates with what part of the rib

A

Tubercle of the rib

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19
Q

The Demi facets of the vertebrae articulate with which part of the rib

A

Head of the rib

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20
Q

Long curved, flat bones that form most of the thoracic cage

A

Ribs

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21
Q

Characteristic of ribs

A

Head: two facets
Neck
Tubercle
 party: costal groove 

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22
Q

Describe typical rib articulations

A

The head of the typical ribs articulate with TWO vertebrae.

  1. Body of numerically corresponding vertebrae
  2. Body of the vertebrae superior to it
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23
Q

Example: rib 5 articulates with which vertebrae

A

Body of T5 and T4

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24
Q

True or false
The tubercle of a typical rib articulates with numerically corresponding transverse process

A

True

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25
Q

Function of costal cartilages

A

-Prolong the ribs anteriorly

-Contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall

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26
Q

First 7 costal cartilages articulate ____________ with the sternum

A

DIRECTLY

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27
Q

What is meant by true rib 

A

Ribs attached directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages

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28
Q

Another word for true rib

A

Vertebrocostal

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29
Q

Which ribs are true ribs

A

1 to 7

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30
Q

Ribs 8, 9 and 10 _____________ articulate with the sternum.

A

INDIRECTLY

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31
Q

What is meant by false ribs

A

Their cartilages are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them; thus, their connection with the sternum is indirect

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32
Q

Another word for false ribs

A

Vertebrochondral

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33
Q

Which ribs are false ribs

A

8
9
10 (usually)

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34
Q

What is meant by floating ribs

A

Ribs that do not attach to the sternum directly or indirectly

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35
Q

Another word for floating ribs

A

Vertebral , free

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36
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs

A

11
12

(Sometimes 10)

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37
Q

The thoracic skeleton consist of 3 major types of joints

A
  1. Costocondral
  2. Sternocostal
  3. Costovertebral
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38
Q

What type of joint is costochondral

A

Fibrous joints

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39
Q

What type of joint is sternocostal

A

Synovial joint

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40
Q

What type of joint is costovertebral

A

Synovial joint

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41
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there

A

11

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42
Q

How many intercostal nerves are there

A

11

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43
Q

Intercostal spaces are occupied by what

A

Intercostal muscles and membranes

Intercostal blood vessels and nerves

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44
Q

True or false
The space below the 12th rib is an intercostal space

A

False

Subcostal space

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45
Q

What is space is below the 12th rib and what does it contain

A

Subcostal space

Subcostal nerve

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46
Q

What are the three intercostal muscles

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostal

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47
Q

Where is the neurovascular arrangement in an intercostal space

A

Between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal

(VAN)

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48
Q

The thoracic wall is covered on the outside by what

A

Skin and muscles

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49
Q

The thoracic wall is lined on the inside by what

A

Parietal pleura

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50
Q

What structures are seen in the thoracic inlet

(Contents of thoracic inlet)

A

Subclavian artery and vein
Apex of lung
First rib
T1 vertebra
Common carotid artery
Esophagus
Trachea
Internal jugular vein
Manubrium

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51
Q

Which cavity is located centrally and bordered by two pleural cavities laterally

A

Mediastinum

52
Q

The mediastinum consists of what cavities

A

Superior and inferior mediastinal cavities

53
Q

The inferior mediastinal cavity is further divided into

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior compartments

54
Q

Compartments of the thoracic cavity

A
  1. Two lateral compartments
    - lungs and pleura
  2. Central compartment (mediastinum)
    - heart
    - great vessels
    - trachea
    - esophagus
    - thymus
55
Q

The mediastinum extends from the ___________________ to the __________________.

A

Superior thoracic aperture
Diaphragm 

56
Q

The division between the superior and inferior mediastinum is called

A

Transthoracic plane

57
Q

Location of transthoracic plane

A

At level of sternal angle and T4/T5 vertebral column

58
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the thorax

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals

(Likely includes the transversus thoracic)

59
Q

One particular innermost intercostal that is located on the inside of the thoracic wall

A

Transversus thoracis

60
Q

The order of neuromuscular structures within the costal groove

A

VAN

Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve

61
Q

How long is the esophagus

A

25 cm

62
Q

Where does the esophagus originate at

A

Inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

63
Q

The Esophagus is continuous superiorly with what structure

A

Laryngeal part of the pharynx (laryngeopharynx)

64
Q

Order the position of the vertebra esophagus and trachea from anterior to posterior

A

Trachea
Esophagus
Vertebra

65
Q

The esophagus enters the abdomen through the diaphragm via what opening

A

Esophageal hiatus at T10

66
Q

How does the esophagus terminate

A

By joining the cardiac orifice of the stomach

67
Q

What keeps the airways open

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

68
Q

What is bronchial tree

A

Extensively branching respiratory passageways

69
Q

What is the largest bronchi

A

Primary (main) bronchi 

70
Q

Compare the right main bronchi to the left main bronchi

A

The right main bronchi is wider and shorter than the left

71
Q

Tough flexible wind pipe that is anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea

72
Q

Where does the trachea start and end

A

Starts: cricoid cartilage C6

Ends: when branching at T5

73
Q

The end of the trachea is known as

A

Carina

74
Q

What is the hilum of the lung

A

Where primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins enter and exit the lung

75
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they

A

3

  • superior
    -middle
  • inferior
76
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they

A

2

-superior
-inferior

77
Q

What fissures are found on the right lung

A

Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure

78
Q

What fissure is found on the left lung

A

Oblique fissure 

79
Q

What separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe in the right lung

A

Horizontal fissure

80
Q

What separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe of the right lung

A

Oblique fissure

81
Q

What separates the superior lobe and inferior lobe of the left lung

A

Oblique fissure

82
Q

How many secondary/lobar bronchi are on the right side

A

3

83
Q

How many secondary/lobar bronchi are on the left side

A

2

84
Q

Tertiary bronchi are also called

A

Segmental bronchi because they branch into each lung segment

85
Q

What are bronchioles

A

Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter

86
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Less than 0.5 mm in diameter

87
Q

What is pleura

A

Double layered sac surrounding each lung

88
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura

A

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura


89
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

90
Q

Pleura helps divide the thoracic cavity into

A

Central mediastinum
Two lateral compartments

91
Q

What is atrium

A

The space at the entrance from the alveolar duct to an alveolar sac

92
Q

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration – inhalation
Expiration – exhalation

93
Q

What happens during inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and pulls downward (flattens)
  • volume increases
  • pressure decreases
  • intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs
94
Q

What happens during expiration

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
  • volume decreases
  • pressure increases
95
Q

Is inspiration active or passive and why

A

Active due to contraction of the diaphragm

96
Q

Deep inspiration requires

A
  • Scalenes
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Erector spinae
97
Q

What does erector spinae do

A

Extends the back

98
Q

Is expiration passive or active and why

A

Passive due to relaxation of the muscle

99
Q

Is forced expiration an active or passive process

A

Active 

100
Q

What muscles are responsible for forced breathing

A

Oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

101
Q

Where can I locate the apex of the heart

A

Fifth intercostal space

102
Q

Measurements of the heart

A

L: 12 cm

W: 8 cm

Thickness: 6 cm

103
Q

Which circuit takes blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

104
Q

Which circuit transports blood to and from body tissues

A

Systemic circuit

105
Q

Which chambers receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuit

A

Atria

106
Q

What are the pumping chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

107
Q

Pericardium layers

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • serous pericardium
108
Q

Which pericardium layer is a strong layer of dense connective tissue

A

Fibrous Pericardium

109
Q

Which pericardium layer is formed by two layers; parietal and visceral

A

Serous pericardium

110
Q

Layers of the heart after the pericardium

A

Epicardium - visceral layer of serous pericardium

Myocardium - cardiac muscle

Endocardium - internal walls of heart

111
Q

Location of the heart

A

Superior right:
- costal cartilage of 3rd rib
- sternum

Inferior right:
- costal cartilage of 6th rib
- lateral to sternum

Superior left:
- costal cartilage of 2nd rib
- lateral to sternum

Inferior left :
- 5th intercostal space

112
Q

Which ventricle is thicker and why

A

Left ventricle

Because it exerts more pumping force and flattens right ventricle into crescent shape

113
Q

Average heart rate

A

70-80 beats per min

114
Q

What is meant by systole and diastole

A

Stage of the heartbeat when ventricles contract and relax

Systole - contraction
Ventricles - relaxation 

115
Q

Describe tricuspid valve and its purpose

A

Located between right atrium and right ventricle

Has 3 leaflets / cusps

Purpose: prevent back flow from right ventricle to right atrium

116
Q

Describe pulmonary valve and purpose

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Has 3 leaflets

Purpose: prevents back flow from pulmonary artery to trunk

117
Q

Describe mitral valve and purpose

A

AKA bicuspid valve

Has 2 leaflets

Located between left atrium and left ventricle

Purpose: prevent back flow from left ventricle to left atrium

118
Q

Describe Aortic valve and purpose

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

Has 3 leaflets

Purpose: prevent back flow from aorta to left ventricle

119
Q

What generates the heart’s impulses ?

A

Sinoatrial node

“Pacemaker”

120
Q

True or false
Sinoatrial node sets the inherent rate of contraction

A

True

121
Q

Conducting system of the heart in order

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purjinkie fibers

122
Q

SA node is made up of

A

Specialized cardiac cells

123
Q

How many intercostal nerves are there

A

12

124
Q

Intercostal arteries arise from two main arteries

A
  1. Thoracic aorta
  2. Internal thoracic arteries (branches of subclavian arteries)
125
Q

Posterior intercostal arteries arise from

A

Aorta

126
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries arise from

A

Internal thoracic artery

127
Q

The intercostal veins drain venous blood from the thoracic wall into

A
  1. Azygos system of veins
  2. Internal thoracic veins 

Anatomy Final (4 decks)

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