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VP Exam 4 > Vet Term > Flashcards

Vet Term Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the tissues

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2
Q

what does the respiratory system include and what two zones can the structures be divided into?

A 
the lungs and a series of airways that connect the lungs to the external environment
conduction zone (brings air into and our of the lungs)
respiratory zone (lines with alveoli where gas exchange occurs
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3
Q

what are the 7 structures of the conducting zone?

A 
nose
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

what are the 2 roles of the conducting zone?

A

bring air into and out of the respiratory zone for gas exchange
humidify, warm and filter the air before it reaches the critical gas exchange region

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5
Q

what is the conducting zone also known as and why?

A

anatomic dead space

gas exchange does not occur in these pathways

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6
Q

what is the conducting airways lined with and what is its function?

A 
lined with mucus-secreting and ciliated cells
function to remove inhaled particles
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7
Q

How are large and small particles removed from the airway?

A 
large= filtered out in the nose
small= captured my mucus and swept upward by the rhythmic beating of the cilia
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8
Q

what does the wall of the conducting cone contain, what two categories are they divided into and what is the cause of them?

A

contain smooth muscle
sympathetic system/circulating epinephrine= dilation of the airways
parasympathetic system= constriction of the airways

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9
Q

what does changes in the diameter of conduction airways result in?

A

changes in their resistance, which produce changes in airflow

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10
Q

what are the 3 structures included in the respiratory zone and what is the zone’s function?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

gas exchange

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11
Q

what kind of structure are respiratory bronchioles and what are they made up of?

A

transitional structures
have cilia and smooth muscle
alveoli occasionally bud off their walls

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12
Q

what are alveolar ducts lined with, what two things don’t they contain and what do they terminate in?

A

lined with alveoli
contain no cilia and little smooth muscle
terminate in alveolar sacs, lined with alveoli

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13
Q

what are alveoli?

A

poush like envaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs

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14
Q

what are 2 characteristics of alveoli, what are they considered and why?

A

walls are thing and have a large surface for diffusion of gases
poorly perfused with blood= dead space

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15
Q

what are alveolar walls rimmed and lined with?

A

rimmed with elastic fibers

lined with epithelial cells (alveolar cells)

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16
Q

what is another name for alveolar cells, what are the two types and what are their function?

A

pneumocytes
Type 1= primary source for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
type 2= synthesize pulmonary surfactant

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17
Q

what are two functions of pulmonary surfactant synthesized by type 2 pneumocytes?

A

reduction of surface tension of alveoli

regenerative capacity for type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

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18
Q

what do alveolar cells contain, what is their function and how do they perform their function?

A

contain alveolar macrophages
keep alveoli free of dust and debris
macrophages fill with debris and migrate to bronchioles, where the beating cilia carry the debris to the upper airways and the pharynx to be swallowed or expectorated

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19
Q

what are the two phases of the respiratory cycle?

A

inspiratory

expiratory

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20
Q

what does inspiration involve?

A

an enlargement of the thorax and lungs when an accompanying inflow of air

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21
Q

The thorax enlarges by the contraction of what (2) and in which direction?

A

diaphragm: caudal direction

external intercostal muscles: cranial and outward direction

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22
Q

under normal breathing conditions, does inspiration or expiration require greater effort, and what is an exception?

A

inspiration (active)
expiration= passive
except in horses

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23
Q

when is expiration an active process? (2)

A

times of accelerated breathing

when there are impediments to the outflow of air

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24
Q

what contracts to assist in expiration? (2)

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

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25
Q

what are the two types of breathing?

A

abdominal

costal

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26
Q

what is abdominal breathing characterized by and in what conditions is it more frequently used?

A

visable movements of the abdomen- protrudes during inspiration and recoils during expiration
normal conditions

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27
Q

what is costal breathing characterized by and in what conditions is it more frequently used?

A

pronounced rib movements

during painful conditions of the abdomen

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28
Q

define eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

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29
Q

define dyspnea

A

difficult breathing

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30
Q

define hyperpnea

A

increased depth, frequency of both

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31
Q

define polypnea

A

rapid shallow breathing (similar to panting)- increased frequency but not depth

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32
Q

define apnea

A

cessation of breathing (can be a transient state)

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33
Q

define tachypnea

A

excessive rapidity of breathing

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34
Q

define bradypnea

A

abnormal slowness of breathing

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35
Q

define normoventilation

A

normal ventilation in which a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg is maintained

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36
Q

define hyperventilation

A

alveolar ventilation increased beyond the metabolic needs and PaCO2 below 40 mmHg
causes respiraroty alkalosis

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37
Q

define hypoventilation

A

alveolar ventilation decreased below metabolic needs and PaCO2 above 40 mmHG
acute causes respiratory acidosis

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38
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

the process of exchanging of gas in the airways and alveoli with gas from the environment

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39
Q

what is the main function of ventilation and what does metabolic oxygen needs require and animal to do?

A

replenish O2 and remove CO2

take a certain volume of air into the lungs, especially alveoli, each minute

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40
Q

what surrounds the lung in the thoracic cavity?

A

a thin layer of pleural fluid

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41
Q

what kind of pressure (+/-) is between the lung and the thoracic cavity and why?

A

negative pressure

continual suction of excess fluids into lymphatic channels

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42
Q

what is another name for atmospheric pressure?

A

barometric pressure

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43
Q

how are respiratory pressures expressed?

A

relative to atmospheric pressure (- or +)

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44
Q

what is atm pressure when relative pressures are used?

A

zero

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45
Q

what must pressure in the lungs be in order for air to flow?

A

the pressure must be higher or lower than the barometric pressure

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46
Q

what is pleural pressure and that is another name for it?

A

intra-pleural pressure

the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity

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47
Q

what is pleural pressure compared to atm pressure and when does the negative pressure increase?

A

less than atm pressure (slightly negative)

negative pressure increases during inspiration with the increase in volume

48
Q

what is alveolar pressure and what is another name for it?

A

intra-pulmonary pressure

the pressure within the alveoli that increases and decreases with each breath

49
Q

what is alveolar pressure compared to atm pressure?

A

equal to atm pressure at the end of the inspiration and expiration (rest period)

50
Q

what must the pressure int he alveoli do in order to cause inward flow of air?

A

the pressure must fall to slightly negative during inspiration

51
Q

what it transpulmonary pressure?

A

the pressure difference between the alceolar pressure and pleural pressure in the lungs

52
Q

what is recoil pressure?

A

a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at wach instant of respiration

53
Q

what is the volume of the transpulmonary pressure in relation to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung?

A

equal and opposite of one another

54
Q

what happens if transpulmonary pressure is zero, and what is that called?

A

alveolar pressure= pleural pressure, the lung collapses as a result of their inherent elastic recoil
pneumothroax

55
Q

what is normal transpulmonary pressure?

A

positive pressure

56
Q

what is recoil pressure due to? (2)

A

stretching of elastin and collagen fibers by lung inflation

surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli

57
Q

What effect does tension in the wall of the alveolus do versus pressure inside the alveolus to the lung?

A 
tension= contract it
pressure= expand it
58
Q

what are surfactants?

A

surface-active substances for which molecules have less attraction

59
Q

what are surfactants made of, what produces them, and where are they found?

A

lipoprotein complex= 30% protein and 70% lipids
produced by type 2 pneumocytes
accumulate at the surface of the alveoli

60
Q

what are 2 roles of surfactants?

A

decrease the surface tension

displace water molecules

61
Q

what are two results of the action of surfactants?

A

prevent collapse of the lungs at the end of expiration

increases pulmonary compliance (reduce the work of inflating the lungs)

62
Q

what must the lung be able to do in order for inspiration to occur, what is this called?

A

the lungs must be able to expand when stretched

must have compliance

63
Q

what is another term for lung compliance and what is it the extent of?

A

distensibility

the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure

64
Q

what factors affect complaince?

A

conditions that destroy lung tissue or cause it to be fibrotic or edematous or that impede lung expansion

65
Q

how does a lack of surfactant affect compliance?

A

decreased compliance

66
Q

what must the lung be able to do in order for expiration to occur, what is this called?

A

the lungs must get small when the stretching force is released
elasticity

67
Q

what is elasticity?

A

tendency to return to its initial size after being distended

68
Q

why are lungs elastic?

A

high content of elastic fibers (collagen/ elastin)

69
Q

when is elastin increased/reduced?

A

increased during inspiration when lungs are stretched

reduced by elastic coil during expiration

70
Q

what foes elasticity help with during expiration and with what other structures?

A

aids in pushing air out

with thoracic structures

71
Q

what is helpful with understanding mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?

A

boyle’s law

72
Q

what does boyle’s law relate and what does the law state?

A

relates pressure and volume
the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

73
Q

how does increasing/decreasing volume affect pressure?

A

inc volume= dec pressure

dec volume= inc pressure

74
Q

what are 5 components of the urinary system?

A 
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
genital organs
75
Q

what is the main role of the urinary system?

A

removing waste products from blood and eliminating them as urine

76
Q

where are the kidneys located and what is it surrounded by?

A

retroperitoneal space
in the posterior wall of the abdomen, outside the peritoneal cavity
surrounded by a tough, fibrous capsule

77
Q

what 5 structures of the hilum?

A 
renal artery
renal vein
lymphatics
nerve supply
ureter
78
Q

what carries the final urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

ureter

79
Q

what are the two major regions of the kidney?

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

80
Q

what is the medula divided into?

A

cone-shaped masses of tissue= renal pyramids

81
Q

where does the renal pyramid originate and where does it terminate?

A

ordinates at the border between the cortex and medulla

terminates in the papilla

82
Q

where does the papilla project into?

A

the space of the renal pelvis

83
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

a funnel-shaped continuation of the upper end of the ureter

84
Q

what is the outer border of the renal pelvis is divided into, what does it extend into and what is its role?

A

open-ended pouches= major calyces

extend downward and divides into minor calyces (collect urine from tubules of papilla)

85
Q

what structure of the calyces, pelvis and ureter helps propel the urine toward the bladder?

A

contractile elements

86
Q

what are 6 other functions of the kidneys?

A

regulation: water& electrolyte balance, arterial pressure, acid-base balance, erythrocyte production
secretion, metabolism & excretion of hormones
gluconeogenesis

87
Q

how does the kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance?

A

alter NA excretion in response to changed in ECF or plasma concentrations
also for Cl, K, Ca, H, Mg, PO4

88
Q

what are two ways the kidneys regulate arterial pressure?

A

long-term: excrete variable amounts of Na & H20

short-term: secrete hormones (renin) that lead to the formation of vasoactive substances (angiotensin 2)

89
Q

what two ways does the kidneys regulate acid-base balance, what are 2 types of acids and where are they generated?

A

Excrete acids & regulate the body fluid buffer stores
sulfuric acid & phosphoric acid
generated by the metabolism of proteins

90
Q

how do the kidneys regulate erythrocyte production?

A

secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of RBC by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

91
Q

what does severe kidney disease lead to?

A

anemia

92
Q

how do the kidneys regulate Vit D production?

A

produce active form of Vit D (calcitriol)

93
Q

what are two roles of calcitrol?

A

Ca reabsorption by the GI tract

Ca/PO4 regulation

94
Q

how do the kidneys promote gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesize glucose from AA and other precursors during prolonged fasting

95
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney, what is its role and what is an important fact about them?

A

nephron
form urine
don’t regenerate

96
Q

what are two components of a nephron?

A

glomerulus

tubule

97
Q

what is glomerulus made of, what is its function, what is it covered by and what is it encased in?

A

group of glomerular capillaries
gilters large amounts of fluid from the blood
covered by epithelial cells
encased in the bowman’s capsule

98
Q

what is the role of tubule in nephron?

A

converts filtered fluid into urine

99
Q

where does fluid filtered by glomerular capillaries flow into first, then second and third?

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
loop of henle

100
Q

what does each loop of henle consist of and what are each of their walls like?

A

descending limb= thin

ascending limb= thick

101
Q

what is at the end of the ascending limb?

A

short segment with a wall of plaque of specialized epithelial cells= macula densa

102
Q

where does fluid go after the macula densa, which is followed by what 3 structures before being transported through what into what?

A

enters the distal tubue
then connecting tubule, cortical collecting tubule and collecting duct
transports through the pyramids to the real pelvis

103
Q

what are two categories of nephron structures and what are their differences dependent on?

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
depending on how deep they lie within the kidney

104
Q

what are two structural components of cortical nephrons?

A

have glmeruli located in the cortex

have short loops of Henle that penetrate only a short distance into the medulla

105
Q

what % of neurons are juxtamedullary and what are two structural components?

A

20-30%
lie deep in the cortex near the medulla
have long loops of Henle that dip deeply into the medulla

106
Q

what is the cortical nephrons surrounded by?

A

an extensive network of peritubular capillaries

107
Q

what extends from juxtaglomerular nephrons and where do they extend to?

A

long efferent arterioles from the glomeruli into the outer medulla

108
Q

what do the efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular nephrons divide into, what do they lie next to and where do they empty?

A

divide into specialized peritubular capillaries= vasa recta
extend down into medulla, next to loops of Henle
returns towards the cortex and empty into the cortical veins

109
Q

what is the role of the specialized network of capillaries in the medulla?

A

formation of a concentrated urine

110
Q

what does urine formation a result of? (4)

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reaborption
tubular secretion
excretion

111
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the lymphatic system, and what are included in each part?

A

vessels: capillaries, collecting vessels, trucks & ducts

Tissues & organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer’s patches, appendix. circulating lymph

112
Q

what are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

fluid balance
fat absorption
immunological defense

113
Q

what are 2 methods that the lymphatic systems controls fluid balance?

A

transports excessive interstitial fluid back to the blood circulation
controls interstitial fluid protein concentration, volume & pressure

114
Q

how does the lymphatic system absorb fat?

A

absorbs & transports digested fat from chyle from the digestive system
transports in the nodes to the blood circulation to be processed by the liver

115
Q

what are 3 methods that the lymphatic system is involved wit immunological defense?

A

macrophages carry foeign bodies, microbes & cancerous cells towards the lymph nodes, to be destroyed
lymphocytes in the nodes monitor lymph for antigens and mount an attack against them
filtration

VP Exam 4 (7 decks)

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