Cell bio-reproductive

Question 1

what are 3 methods of sexual differentiation?

Answer 1

genetic (chromosomal) sex
gonadal sex
phenotypic (somatic) sex

Question 2

when is genetic differentiation determined and what are examples in mammals and in birds?

Answer 2

determined at fertilization
XX, XY mammals
ZZ (male) ZW (female) birds

Question 3

how is gonadal sex differentiation determined?

Answer 3

testis determining genes (SRY & SOX9)

Question 4

What are 2 structures involved in phenotypic sex differentiation and what are 3 hormones involved?

Answer 4

tubular & external structures

antiMullerian hormone, tesosterone, Dihydrotesterone

Question 5

define hormones

Answer 5

signaling molecules produced in the body that regulate activity of certain cells and organs

Question 6

what are 6 examples of body functions regulated by hormones?

Answer 6

metabolism
sleep
lactation
growth
mood
reproduction

Question 7

how are hormones secreted and what is an example?

Answer 7

by specific glands

thyroid

Question 8

what are 3 main classes of hormones?

Answer 8

steroids
peptides/proteins (glycoproteins)
eicosanoids

Question 9

how do hormones induce response?

Answer 9

bind to specific receptors

Question 10

how is hormone control regulated? (2)

Answer 10

negative or positive feedback

Question 11

what are two methods used to classify hormones?

Answer 11

production

biochemical structure

Question 12

What are 5 sources of production used in hormonal classification?

Answer 12

hypothalamic hormones
pituitary hormones
gonadal hormones
uterine hormones
hormones of placenta

Question 13

what is the structure of peptides and what is an example?

Answer 13

small molecules with few AA

GnRH

Question 14

What is the role of GnRH and what are 2 hormones what are secreted in this way?

Answer 14

regulates pituitary gonadotropin secretion

LH & FSH are secreted from the same gonadotrope cell after GnRH stimulation

Question 15

What is the structure of glycoproteins and what are 3 examples?

Answer 15

alpha subunit & beta subunit bound by H bonds and vander Waals forces with CHO bound on each end by covalent bonds
FSH, LH, TSH

Question 16

what are important facts of the alpha and beta subunits of glycoproteins?

Answer 16

alpha subunits are common among hormones

beta subunits are unique for each hormone

Question 17

what is the structure of steroids?

Answer 17

3 hexa rings, 1 penta ring and a side chain

Question 18

what is the structure of prostaglandins and what are 2 types?

Answer 18

penta ring with O or OH bound, a chain with 2 double bonds and a COOH at the end
PGF2alpha
PGE2

Question 19

what are 3 domains of a receptor?

Answer 19

extracellular
transmembrane
intracellular

Question 20

what type of receptors do protein hormones bind to?

Answer 20

cell-surface receptor

Question 21

what type of receptors do steroids bind to?

Answer 21

nuclear receptors

Question 22

what are progesterone, estradiol & testosterone synthesized from?

Answer 22

cholesterol

Question 23

where is Esteradiol-17beta mainly produced, where is it also produced and what are 3 other sites what can produce smaller amounts?
how is it synthesized and where is it metabolized?

Answer 23

mainly follicular cells in ovary
placenta
smaller adrenal, testis, fat
two-cell, two gonadotrophin synthesis
metabolized in liver

Question 24

what are 8 functions of estradiol?

Answer 24

mediate sexual behavior & 2nd characteristics of female
uterine development & function
cervical mucus
vaginal proliferation
mammary development (ductal)
maintaining pregnancy
bone health

Question 25

where is progesterone produced, and when is the structure formed?

Answer 25

mainly by ovary
specifically corpus luteum
formed after ovulation

Question 26

progesterone is the proliferation & differentiation of what two cells, what do they produce and where is it metabolized?

Answer 26

granulosa cells (large luteal cells) & theca interna cells (small luteal cells)
produce progesterone
liver

Question 27

what are 6 functions of progesterone?

Answer 27

development & function of uterus
myometrium
maintenance of pregnancy
development of mammary gland (alveoli)
effects on brain
effect son immune function

Question 28

what cells produce testosterone and where, what are 2 locations that produce small amounts, what is the main site of metabolism and what is a seond site?

Answer 28

interstitial (leydig) cells of testis
smalled amounts in adrenal and ovaries
metabolized by liver
lesser in prostate

Question 29

what are 5 functions of testosterone?

Answer 29

masculinization
maturation & function of male reproductive tract
spermatogenesis
male sexual behavior
muscle mass, bone density

Question 30

what are 2 functional areas for secretion of GnRH in the female hypothalamus?

Answer 30

tonic center (arcuate ventromedial region- ERC)
surge center (preoptic area- POA)

Question 31

what is the effect of testosterone on the brain?

Answer 31

“defeminizes” the brain

crosses BBB and converts to estradiol, which defeminizes hypothalamus, eliminating surge center

Question 32

what is the difference for fetal ovaries and their effect on the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

the estradiol produced does not cross the BBB because it is bound to alpha-fetoprotein

Question 33

define estrous cycle

Answer 33

period form beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next
(one ovulation to the next)

Question 34

what are 3 phases of the estrous cycle and what is another name for each phase in women?

Answer 34

follicular phase (proliferative phase in women)
luteal phase (secretory phase in women)
Quiesten phase (anestrus)

Question 35

how is estrus defines?

Answer 35

behaviorally