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VP Exam 4 > Pharm- stats > Flashcards

Pharm- stats Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of statistics?

A

the science of assembling, classifying, tabulating, and analyzing data of a numerical nature to present significant information about a given subject

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2
Q

what are two categories of statistics?

A

descriptive statistics

statistical inference

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3
Q

what is the definition of descriptive statistics?

A

a way of summarizing data from a population or a sample

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4
Q

what is the definition of statistical inference?

A

comparison of data, extrapolation

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5
Q

why should vets learn about statistics?

A

to be able to criticize scientific papers and their statistic analyses

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6
Q

where does choice of treatment, business management and grade of cancers information come from?

A

reading papers, which are updated about new techniques, treatment and/or diagnosis

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7
Q

definition of data

A

collection of information (numbers, scores, measurements)

a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables

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8
Q

define qualitative data

A

non-numeric data (data can’t be counted)

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9
Q

define quantitative data

A

numeric data (data can be counted)

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10
Q

define observation

A

entities whose characteristics we measure

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11
Q

define measurement

A

assigning numbers to observations according to pre-set rules

ex) measurement of Heart Girth

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12
Q

define variable

A

a measured characteristic that can have various values or levels

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13
Q

define variable

A

quantitative

can have only certain values (usually whole numbers)

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14
Q

define continuous variable

A

quantitative

can have any value

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15
Q

define categorical variable

A

equivalent or qualitative

non numerical

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16
Q

define binary variable

A

have only 2 possible values

usually 1/0 or yes/no

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17
Q

define ordinal variable

A

qualitative

non numerical but considered to have an order

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18
Q

define nominal variable

A

qualitative

categorical with no order

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19
Q

what are two types of variables?

A

qualitative

quantitative

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20
Q

what are 3 types of qualitative variables?

A

binary
nominal
ordinal

21
Q

what are 2 types of quantitative variables?

A

discrete

continuous

22
Q

define population

A

an entire group of observations that (might) have at least one characteristic in common

23
Q

define sample

A

a group of elements selected from the population

24
Q

define parameter

A

a characteristic of a population

25
Q

define statistic

A

a characteristic of a sample

26
Q

what are two methods to summarize data?

A

text

graphical

27
Q

what are two types of text summary of data?

A

tabular frequency

numerical

28
Q

define absolute frequency

A

number of observations

29
Q

define relative frequency

A

proportion of observations

30
Q

define cumulative frequency distribution and when should it be used?

A

frequency of the scores including the frequency of the previous scores
used for quantitative/ordinal variables only

31
Q

what is the graphical representation of data called and what is it a representation of?

A

histogram

representation of the frequency distribution

32
Q

what are two types of distribution of a histogram?

A

random distribution

pattern- skewed distribution

33
Q

what are the 2 parameters to describe quantitative data?

A 
location parameter (measure of central tendency)- same pattern, different location
dispersion parameter-  same location, different pattern
34
Q

what are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

mean
median
mode

35
Q

define mean, median, mode

A

mean: the average of a data set
median: the middle value of a data set
mode: the most frequent value of a data set

36
Q

what are 3 main measures of variability?

A

range
variance & standard deviation
interquartile range

37
Q

define range

A

the difference between the highest data value and the lowest value

38
Q

define variance & standard deviation

A

measure how far the distribution is spread out from the mean

39
Q

define interquartile range

A

the range between the 1at quartile and the 3rd quartile

40
Q

what is the % of values within 1 SD, 2SD and 2SD of the mean in normal distribution

A

68%
95%
99.7%

41
Q

define standard deviation

A

variability of the variable distribution for the sample or for the population

42
Q

define standard error and what does it allow?

A

standard deviation of the variable mean

allows to estimate the confidence interval of the mean

43
Q

what is the difference between a histogram and a bar plot?

A

a histogram is used to represent grouped frequency data (quantitative)
bar plot is used to represent qualitative data

44
Q

what is a barplot/histogram used for?

A

to plot absolute and relative frequencies of qualitative/quantitative variable

45
Q

what is a pie chart used for?

A

to plot the relative frequencies of categorical variable

46
Q

what is a boxplot used for?

A

to plot the distribution of quantitative variable

47
Q

what is a scatter plot used for?

A

to plot 2 quantitative variables

48
Q

what is a line plot used for?

A

to plot quantitative variable in time

VP Exam 4 (7 decks)

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