Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Exam 3 > Vertebrates > Flashcards

Vertebrates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Derived characters of chordates

A
  1. ) Notochord
    • provides support
    • reduces and forms parts of the gelatinous disks between the vertebrae in humans
  2. ) Dorsal, hollow nerve tube
  3. ) pharyngeal slits or clefts
  4. ) post- anal tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

LANCELETS

~basal group of living chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

TUNICATES (sea squirts)

~chordate characteristics present in the larva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Derived characters of vertebrates

A

~two or more sets of HOXGENES
(Lancelets and tunicates only have one)

~Development of a skull and backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Crainiata

Superclass Agnatha

CLASS MYXINI

A

HAGFISH

~lack jaws
~most are bottom-dwelling scavengers
~slime glands secrete slime to repel other scavengers and predators
*produce several liters in less than 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Agnatha

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA

A

LAMPREYS

~most are parasitic
~rasping mouth and tongue tear into host and consume blood and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ORIGINS OF BONES AND TEETH

A

~bones skeletons were developed later in the evolution of vertebrates

~what initiated the process of mineralization in vertebrates?

* transition on feeding mechanisms (suspension feeders —> scavenges—>Predators) 
* Mineralization likely began in the mouth and was later incorporated into protective armor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Crainiata
SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA

A

JAWED vertebrates

Jaws likely evolved by modifications of the anterior- most part of the pharyngeal slits

*remaining gill slits were modified into respiratory structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of Gnathostomes

A

~enlarged forebrain
*enhanced smell
*enhanced vision
~aquatic gnathostomes have a LATERAL LINE SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fossil Gnathostomes

A 
Appeared in the fossil record ~440 MYA 
~reason for success: 
	Paired fins 
	Tail
	Jaws 
-PLACODERMS-extinct lineage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

subphylum Crainiata

Superclass Gnathostomata

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

A

SHARKS, RAYS, SKATES, and RATFISHES
~cartilaginous fishes
SHARKS:
-streamlines body; swift swimmers but do not maneuver well
-gain buoyancy by storing oil in the liver; more dense than water
-continual swimming also ensures that the water flows into the mouth and through the gills for respiration
-most sharks are carnivores
*acute senses
~largest sharks are suspension feeders (whale sharks)
~several rows of teeth that gradually move to the front of the mouth as old teeth are lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Shark reproduction

A

~eggs fertilize internally

OVIPAROUS- lay eggs and they hatch outside of the mothers body

OVOVIVPAROUS- fertilized eggs are retained in the oviduct
*nourished by egg yolk; the embryo develops into young that are born after hatching in the uterus - oophagy

VIVIPAROUS- young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients form the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta (live birth)

Reproductive text empties with the excretory system and digestive tract into—> CLOACA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class chondrichthyes

RAYS

A

~bottom- dwellers that feed by using their jaws to crush mollusks and crustaceans
~flattened shape
~enlarge pectoral fins propel them through the water
~tails are whip like and bear venomous barbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SubPhylum Craniata

Superclass Osteichthyes (boney fishes)

A

Osteichthyans have an ossified endoskeleton with a hard matrix of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

- gills are covered by a protective boney flap called the OPERCULUM 
- maintain buoyancy by filling the SWIM BLADDER with air 
- gases are shuttles between blood and swim bladder 
- flattened bony scales cover the skin 
- glands secrete mucus over the skin 
- most are oviparous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SubPhylum Craniata

Superclass Osteichthyes

CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII

A

Ray- finned wishes

  • > 27,000 species
  • bony rays support their fins

FLOUNDER, CATFISH, PERCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Subphylum Craniata

Superclass Osteichthyes

CLASS SARCOPTERYGII

A

-lobe-fins consist of rod-shaped bones that are covered by a a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins

  • only three lineages survive today:
    • coelacanths
    • Lungfish
    • the lineage that gave rise to TETRAPODS
17
Q

-Evolution of terrestialism

A

-presence of functional lungs in the lungfish has led to the suggestion that lungfish lineages may have been ancestral to modern terrestrial vertebrates

~fossil of TIKTAALIK possessed many tetrapods characters

18
Q

Tetrapods

A

Gnathostomes that have limbs

19
Q

Derived characters of tetrapods

A
  • limbs with digits
  • head separated from body by a movable neck
  • bones of the pelvic fused to the backbone; permitting forces generated bu the hind legs against the ground to be transferred to the rest of the body
  • adults lack gills
  • during development the pharyngeal clefts give rise to the parts of the ears and other structures
20
Q

Phylum Tetrapod

CLASS AMPHIBIA

A

Caecilian, tiger salamander, leopard frog, Great Plains toad

  • amphibia means “both ways of life”
  • larval stage is the TADPOLE
  • during metamorphosis the tadpole develops legs, lungs, external eardrums, and a digestive system adapted to a carnivorous diet
21
Q

Class amphibia continues

A

-live in damp habitats
-rely heavily on cutaneous respiration
-fertilization is generally external
-last eggs in water
AMPLEXUS

22
Q

Salamanders

A
  • some are entirely aquatic; others live on land as adults or throughout life
  • terrestrial salamanders walk with a side-to-side bending of the body (similar to early tetrapods
  • PAEDOMORPHOSIS is common among aquatic salamanders

Axlotl- external gills, caudal fin

23
Q

Phylum Tetrapods

Clad Amniotes

A

Reptiles and mammals

24
Q

Derived characters of Amniotes- eggs adapted to terrestrial living

A

Amniotic egg- contains four specialized membranes
AMINION- protect and cushions the embryo
CHORION- exchange gases between the embryo and the air
ALLANTOIS-disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the embryo
ALBUMEN- hydrate embryo and provide nutrients

25
Q

Phylum Tetrapods

CLASS REPTILIA

A
  • Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds
    • possess scales/ feathers made of KERATIN
      • protect from desiccation and abrasion
  • Fertilization occurs internally; shelled eggs are laid on land
  • ectothermic- behavioral adaptations regulate body temperature

BIRDS ARE ENDOTHERMIC

26
Q

Phylum Tetrapod
Class reptilia
TURTLES

A
  • boney shell
    • Carapace- dorsal portion that forms from a fusion of the vertebrae, expanded ribs, and bones in the dermis of the skin
    • Plastron- the ventral portion that forms from the bones of the pectoral girdle and dermal bone
  • Keratinized beak rather than teeth
27
Q

Phylum Tetrapod
Class reptilia

BIRDS

A
  • derived characters (adaptations for flight)
    • lack urinary bladder
    • females have one ovary
    • toothless
    • wings and feathers
    • bones are honeycombed

ARCHAEOPTERYX

28
Q

Phylum tetrapod

Class reptilia Lab list

A 
Ornate box turtle 
Snapping turtle 
Alligator 
Great Plains gink 
Horned frog 
Hognose snake 
Bull snake 
Rattlesnake
Copperhead 
Canada goose 
Northern pintail 
Bald eagle 
Great horned owl 
Ferruginous hawk 
Ring neck pheasant 
Northern bobwhite 
Sandhill crane 
Burrowing owl 
Northern mocking bird 
Blue jay 
Great tailed crackle 
Scissor tail flycatcher 
Killdeer
29
Q

Phylum tetrapod

Class mammalia derived Characters

A
  • mammary glands
  • hair
  • endothermic
  • efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
  • larger brian
  • differentiated teeth—> heterodont detention
30
Q

Phylum tetrapod
Class Mammalia

MONOTREMES

A

Oviparous

  • found only in Australia and New Guinea
  • lay eggs
  • produce milk but lack nipples

PLATYPUS and ECHIDNA

31
Q

Tetrapod
Mammalia

MARSUPIALS

A

Pouches

  • short gestation period
  • primitive placenta
  • young born early and subsequently carried in a marsupial pouch

KANGAROO, KOALA

32
Q

Tetrapod
Mammalia

EUTHERIANS

A

Viviparous

  • born at an advanced stage of development
  • exchanges between maternal and fetal circulatory systems occur by diffusion across placenta

Elephants, bats, and manatee

33
Q

Tetrapods
Mammalia

Evolutionary pressures

A

Horns and antlers
-true horns- consist of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone

* found mainly artiodactyls 
* in many species only males have horns 
* continue to grow throughout the organisms lifetime 
(exception: pronghorn)
34
Q

OSSICONES

ANTLERS

RHINOCEROS HORN

A

Ossicones- boney projections that are covered with with furred skin
(Are not shed)

Antlers- when fully developed are dead bone without a horn or skin covering
(Shed and regrown every year)

Rhinoceros horn- composed of keratin and grow continuously
(No boney core)

35
Q

Mammalia list

A 
Opossum 
Kangaroo rat 
Deermouse 
Brazilian free-tailed bat 
Armadillo 
Eastern cottontail 
Thicken-lines ground squirrel 
Red fox 
Striped skunk 
Moose 
Whitetail deer 
Elk

Biology Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions