Animal Diversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

How many species gave been identified

A

1.3 million extant (living) animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Defining an animal

A

~Animals are efficient consumers (predatory behavior or herbervory) of other consumers
~most have adaptations that help them to detect, capture, eat, and digest organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • heterotrophs—ingest then digest
  • tissues develop form embryonic layers
  • cells are supported by structural proteins rather than cell walls— collagen
  • NERVOUS TISSUE and MUSCLE TISSUE are unique, defining characteristics of animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Levels of organization (animals)

A

The ability to move and conduct nerve impulses underlies many of the adaptations that differentiate animals form other life forms (interpret and react to environmental stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reproduction in Animals

A

SEXUALLY

Or asexual — budding parthenogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Animals zygote development

A

figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Development of animals

A

~Some animals develop directly into adults (primates); however, some animal life cycles involve at least one larval stage

A larva is a sexually immature form of an animal that:

  • is morphological distinct from the adult
  • typically eats different food
  • many live in a different habitat

~METAMORPHOSIS is the transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature

(Dramatic anatomical change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genes controlling development (animals)

A

Adult animals vary in morphology, but the genes that control the animal development are similar across a broad range of taxa

  • HOMEOBOX GENES regulate the expression of other genes
    • HOX GENES control the expression of many genes that influence morphology during embryonic development

(Sponges do not have hox genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Origins of multicellular animals

COLONIAL HYPOTHESIS
SYNCYTIAL HYPOTHESIS

A

figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Origin of multicellularity requires

A

Ways for cells to adhere together
Ways for cells to signal each other

~need to identify protist groups that are closely related to animals
morphological and molecular evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When comparing a choanoflagellate (monosiga brevicollis) genome to representative animals:

A

~78 protein domains in M. Brevicollis that were otherwise only known to occur in animals

~genes that encode certain proteins called CADHERINS including:

* play key roles in how animal cells attach to each other 
* cell-signaling pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steps in the Origin & Diversification of Multicellular Animals

Neoproterozoic Era

A
(1 billion-542 million years ago)
~the first generally accepted macroscopic fossils of animals date from ~560 MYA 
	*early soft-bodied eukaryotes known as the EDIACARAN BIOTA 
		*molluscs 
		*relatives of sponges 
		*Cnidarians 
		*many have been difficult to identify 
	* possible early animals embryos 
	*early evidence of predation 

~organisms generally possessed radial symmetry, some had simple bodies whereas others has many body
segments

KIMBERELLA, DICKINSONIA COSTATA, MAWSONITES SPRIGGI, SPRIGGINA FLOUNDERSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Paleozoic era

A
(542-251 Million years ago)
~CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION (535-525 MYA) 
	*fossil evidence- 1/2 of all living animal phyla 
		-arhtropods
		-chordates 
		-echinoderms 
~first large animals with hard, mineralized skeletons 
~most fossils are of bilaterians 
	*complete digestive tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The decline of ediacaran life-forms as Cambrian life-forms increased

A

~predator-prey interactions
~increased oxygen leads to increased metabolisms and increased body size
~genetic changes affecting development facilitated evolution of new body forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

After the Cambrian explosion…

A

Animal diversity continues to increase
~vertebrates emerge as top predators of the marine food web
~arthropods are the first animals to adapt to terrestrial habitats
~vertebrates colonized land ~365 MYA
*diversified into numerous terrestrial groups, only two survive today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mesozoic era

A

(251-65.5 MYA)
Animal phyla that evolved during that Paleozoic begin to spread into new habitats

~first coral reefs form —>support a large diversity of life 
~some reptiles returned to water—> alligators and relatives 
~evolution in tetrapods leads to the origin of flight equipment 
~large and small dinosaurs emerged
~first mammals appeared —>small bodied 
~insects underwent dramatic diversification —>flight
17
Q

Cenozoic

A

(65.5 MYA to present)
~mass extensions of terrestrial and marine animals
-large, nonflying and aquatic dinosaurs disappeared
- the rise of large mammalian herbivores and predators as mammals began to exploit the vacated ecological niches

18
Q

Characterizing animals by body plans

A
A body plan is a particular set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional whole; 
~symmetry 
~tissues 
~body cavities 
~protostome and Deuterostome development
19
Q

Asymmetry

A

Animals cannot be divided into similar halves on any plane - sponges

20
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Arrangement of parts around a single main axis- jellyfish

21
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Arrangement of an organism along a central axis that so the organism can be divided into two equal halves
~humans, fish, snakes

22
Q

Tissues in animals

A

TRUE TISSUES are isolated from other tissues by membranous layers
~sponges lack true tissues —> basal taxa

During gastrulation, GERM LAYERS form the various tissue and organs of the body (diploblastic, triploblastic)

23
Q

Tissues

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

A

Ectoderm- gives rise to the outer covering of the ani,al and in some phyla, the central nervous system

Endoderm- gives rose to the digestive tract and organs of vertebrates

Mesoderm- forms the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tract and the outer covering of the animal

24
Q

Body cavity

A

A body cavity (or coelom) is a fluid -or air- filled space located between the digestive tract and th outer body wall

25
Q

Types of body cavities

A

COELOMATES- posses a true coelom derived from MESODERM
*inner and outer layers of tissue surround the cavity connect and form structure that suspend the internal organs—> mesenteries

PSEUDOCOELOMATES- posses a pseudocoelom formed from mesoderm and endoderm (organs lie freely within cavity)

ACOELOMATES- lack a body cavity (organs enclosed with body tissues)

26
Q

All body cavity figures

A

Memorize

27
Q

Protostome and deurerostome development

A

Modes of development that can be distinguished by differences in cleavage, coelom formation, and the fate of the blastopore

28
Q

Protostome and deuterostome development chart

A

MEMORIZE

29
Q

ANIMAL PHYLOGENY

A

MEMORIZE