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Biology Exam 3 > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Lack backbone

Account for >95% of all known species

Occupy almost every habitat on Earth

INSECTS

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2
Q

Ancestral Protist

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

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3
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

SPONGES
~sessile and lack tissues
~filter feeders

TWO CELL LAYERS
~gas exchange and waste removal by diffusion

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4
Q

Phylum Porifera Body parts

A

Osculum- opening through which water exits

Spongocoel- interior space

Choanocytes- flagellated cell with collar that functions in filter feeding

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5
Q

Phylum Porifera AMOEBOCYTES

A

~take up food and carry nutrients to other cells
~manufacture tough skeletal fibers called SPICULES or flexible fibers composed of SPONGIN
~TOTIPOTENT

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6
Q

Phylum Porifera REPRODUCTION

A

~most sponges are MONOECIOUS but do not have self-fertilize

1 sponge has egg and sperm

~sperm and eggs are released from sponge OSCULA- fertilization occurs externally

~larval stage that is free-swimming; settles to the substrate and begins to develop into the adult form

~Some undergo ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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7
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

HYDRAS, CORALS, and JELLIES
~sessile and motile forms
~diploblastic
~radial symmetry

*some cnidarians exist only as POLYPS (hydra, sea anemone) or MEDUSAE (jellies); others go through ALTERNATIONS of GENERATIONS

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8
Q

Memorize body of POLYP and MEDUSAE

A

Look at figure

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9
Q

Phylum Cnidarians GASTRODERMIS

A

Lines a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening in all Cnidarians

food, digestive wastes, and reproductive stages enter and exit through the mouth

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10
Q

Cnidarians derive mots of their support from…

A

The buoyancy of water around them
* a hydro skeleton aids in support and movement*

~water or body fluids confined in a cavity of the body and against which contractile elements of the body wall act

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11
Q

Cnidarians are predators that use tentacles to capture prey

A

CNIDOCYTES~ cells specialized for defense and prey capture
*contain cnidae- capsule-like organelles that are capable of exploding outward

NEMATOCYTES- contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of the prey

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12
Q

Phylum Cnidarians NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

~may be the most primitive nervous elements in the animal kingdom
~NERVE NET
* conducts nerve impulses around the body in response to a localized stimulus

(Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes are exchanged by simple diffusion since all cells are a short distance from the body surface

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13
Q

TWO clades of cnidarians

A

MEDUSOZOANS
~produce a Medusa (alternations of generations)

ANTHOZOANS
~polyp only———> sea anemones and corals

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14
Q

Phylum Cnidarians MEDUSOZOANS

A

Includes SCYPHOZOANS (jellies), CUBOZOANS (box jellies), and the HYDROZOANS (alternate between the polyp and Medusa forms)

FIGURE

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15
Q

Phylum Cnidaria ANTHOZOANS

A

Occur only as polyps
~corals-solitary or colonial
* secrete an exoskeleton of CALCIUM CARBONATE
* each polyp generation builds on the skeleton remains of earlier generations

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16
Q

Coral Bleaching figure

A

Zooxanthalae

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17
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

Comb Jellies
~Diploblastic
~Radial symmetry
~Make up a large portion of the ocean’s plankton

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18
Q

Bilateral Clade

A

Lophotrochozoans, Ecdysozoans, and Deuterostomia

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19
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida

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20
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

FLATWORMS (tapeworms, planarians, and flukes)
~live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
~Bilateral symmetry
~TRIPLOBLASTIC
~central nervous system that processes information from sensory structures (never ladder)
~Acoelomate (no body cavity)
~no specialized organs for circulation

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21
Q

Why is a flattened shape beneficial?

A

Increase surface area

Dorso~ rentrally flattened

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22
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes (maintaining osmotic balance)

A

PROTONEPHRIDIA are networks of tubules with ciliated structures called FLAME BULBS that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside

figure

Digestive cavity with ONE opening

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23
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes DIVERTICULA

A

Branch off the gastrovascular cavity

~increase surface area for nutrient absorption and distribution

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24
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes PLANARIANS

A

~free-living
~Prey on smaller animals or feed on dead animals
~move by using cilia on their ventral surface, gliding along a film of mucus

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25
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes TREMATODES

A

Human liver fluke

~parasitize a wide range of hosts

~complex life cycles with alternations sexual and asexual stages

~require an intermediate host in which the larvae develop before infection the final host

INFECTED FISH -figure-

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26
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes TAPEWORMS

A 
~parasitic 
~adults live mostly inside vertebrates 
~possess a SCOLEX armed with suckers and hooks- attachment
~lack a mouth and gastrovascular cavity 
~PROGLOTTIDS are sacs of sex organs
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27
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

SNAILS, SLUGS, OYSTERS, CLAMS, OCTOPUSES, and SQUIDS

~100,000 species- the SECOND MOST DIVERSE phylum of animals

*all are soft bodied
~most secrete a hard protective shell made of calcium carbonate
~slugs, squids, and octopuses have reduced internal shell or have lost it completely

28
Q

Mollusk Body Plan (Phylum Mollusca)

A

~coelomates

  • triploblastic
  • Bilateral symmetry

~3 main parts

A MUSCULAR FOOT used for locomotion

VISCERAL MASS containing most of the internal organs

MANTLE - a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell

29
Q

MANTLE CAVITY (phylum Mollusca)

A

Is a water-filled chamber that houses the GILLS, ANUS, and EXCRETORY PORES

The RADULA is a scraping structure used for feeding

30
Q

Phylum Mollusca

CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA

A

CHITONS

~oval-shaped body with a shell composed of 8 dorsal plates
~foot allows for locomotion and suction onto a surface
~RADULA used to eat algae off of rock surfaces

31
Q

Phylum Mollusca

CLASS GASTROPODA

A

Largest class (~ 3/4 of mollusks)
Most are marine
Move by a ripping motion of their foot or by cilia
Most have a single, spiraled shell_ spiral outward
Many have a head with eyes on tips of tentacles~ eye stalks
Terrestrial snails lack gills, instead the lining of the mantle functions as a lung

32
Q

Phylum Mollusca

CLASS BIVALVIA

A

CLAMS, OYSTERS, MUSSELS, AND SCALLOPS

all are aquatic

Shell divided into two halves connected by a hinge
~ ADDUCTOR MUSCLES draw them tightly together to protect the soft body

No distinct head

Filter feeders

33
Q

Phylum Mollusca

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

A

SQUIDS, OCTOPUSES, AND NAUTILUSES

active marine predators
~ tentacles grasp prey
~ beak- like jaws bite and immobilize with a poison present in saliva
~ foot modified into a muscular siphon and part of tentacles

Shell reduced and internal. Squids

Well developed sense organs

Complex brain

34
Q

Phylum Mollusca

CLASS CEPHALOPODA CONTINUED

A

Only mollusks with closed circulatory systems

Nervous system is most complex in invertebrates
~ large brain that directly relates to a predatory habits and dexterity

Eyes are similar in structure to vertebrate eyes
~ no blind spot
~ form images, distinguish shapes, and discriminate some colors

Pigment cells called CHROMATOPHORES can change color of the animals

Ink can be discharged as a defense mechanism… squids

35
Q

PHYLUM ANNELIDA (means little rings)

A

SEGMENTED WORMS

~ segmented (metamerism) 
~ bilateral symmetry 
~ triploblastic 
~ coelom- true body cavity 
~ paired, epidermal setae- bristle like 
~ closed circulatory system 
~ dorsal suprapharyngeal ganglia and ventral nerve cord
36
Q

Phylum Annelida

METAMERISM

A

~ led to body compartmentalization; each segment has its own excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures

Allow for flexible support of body
Hydrostatic compartments
Efficient locomotion

~ lessens the impact of injury
~ permits the modification of certain body regions for specialized functions; called TAGMATIZATION

37
Q

Phylum Annelida

CONTINUED

A

Segmented worms that live in the sea, most freshwater habitats, and in damp soil

~ leeches, earthworms, etc.

Coelomates

Range in length from 1 mm to more than 3 meters

38
Q

Phylum Ecdysozoa

A

Nematoda and Arthropoda

Includes organisms that shed (molt) a tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow

Largest group of living organisms______ insects

39
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

ROUND WORMS

Found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in plant tissues, and in body fluids and tissues of animals

Cylindrical bodies that taper to a fine tip at the posterior end

Body covered by tough non living cuticle

Pseudocoelom
~triploblastic
~bilateral symmetry

40
Q

Important nematode parasites of humans

Parasitic nematodes show a number of evolutionary adaptions to their lifestyle:

A 
~high reproductive potential 
~life cycles that increase the likelihood of transmission from one host to another 
~enzyme- resistant cuticle 
~resistant eggs 
~encysted larvae
41
Q

Nematode parasite

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

The giant intestinal roundworm

~live in small intestine
~produce large numbers of eggs that exit the feces

42
Q

Nematode parasites

NECATOR AMERICANUS

A

The new world Hookworm

~adults live in small intestine
~hold onto intestinal wall with teeth and feed on blood and tissue fluids
~individual females can produce as many as 10,000 eggs daily

FIGURE AND LIFE CYCLE

43
Q

Nematode Parasite

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

A

The Porkworm

~adults live in the mucosa of the small intestine of humans and other carnivores and omnivores
~adult females give birth to young larvae that then enter the circulatory system and are carried to skeletal muscle
* young larvae ENCYST in the muscle and remain infective for years
~disease os called TRICHINOSIS- another host must ingest the infected meat to continue the life cycle

44
Q

Phylum Nematoda

FLIARIAL WORMS

A
  • live in lymphatic system where they block vessels
    ~transmission by mosquitos
    ~~causes ELEPHANTIASIS
45
Q

Phylum Nematoda

DIROFILARIA IMMITIS

A

A filarial worm prevalent in the US found in dogs

~because the adult worms live in the heart and large arteries of the lungs the infection os called HEARTWORM DISEASE

~difficult to eliminate

46
Q

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

A

~1 million arthropod species have been describes

~~most of them belong to CLASS INSECTA

47
Q

Reasons for arthropod success

A

~segmented body
~hard exoskeleton
~jointed appendages

48
Q

General characteristics of Arthropods

A

Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Coelom
Appendages modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defenses
Body completely covered by a cuticle—— exoskeleton
Well developed sensory organs
Open circulatory system
- hemolymph
Variety of specialized gas exchange organs- gills, book lungs, tracheal systems

49
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

EXOSKELETON

A

Constructed from layers of protein and chitin— polysaccharides
Protects the animal
Provides a point of attachment for muscles
Mist be shed in order for the arthropod to grow

50
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA

A

Named for claw like feeding appendages called CHELICERAE (serve as pinchers or fangs)
Lack antennae
Most have simple eyes

Two Tagmata: PROSOMA AND OPISTHOSOMA

8 Legs

51
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA

PROSOMA body region

A

Sensory, feeding, and locomotor tagma
~ usually bears eyes, but never has antennae
~paired appendages
*first pair normally pincherlike and used in feeding called CHELICERAE
* second pair usually sensory called PEDIPALPS
~may also be used in feeding, locomotion, or reproduction

52
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

OPISTHOSOMA body region

A

Posterior to the prosoma

Contains the digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs (book lungs)

53
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERIFORMATA

CLASS MEROSTOMATA

A

Horseshoe crab

Stabilizing selection

54
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERIFORMATA

CLASS ARACHNIDIA

A

Most modern chelicerates are ARACHNIDS

~includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites

Six pair of appendages 
~chelicerae 
	*equipped with poison in spiders 
~one pair of pedipalps- function in sensing, defense, or reproduction 
~four pair of walking legs
55
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERIFORMATA

CLASS ARACHNIDA CONTINUED

A

Mites and ticks
Many are ECTOPARASITES
Have the greatest impact on human health and welfare

Ex: chiggers, scabies, Lyme disease

56
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA

A

All are terrestrial
head has a pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts
MANY LEGS

57
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA

CLASS DIPLOPODA

A

MILLIPEDES
~2 feet per segment
~each segment bears two pairs of legs
~eat decaying leaves and other plant matter
~may have been among the earliest animals on land

58
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA

CLASS CHILOPODA

A

CENTIPEDES
~ one pair of legs per segment
~carnivorous
~ poison clays on foremost trunk segment that paralyze prey and aid in defense

59
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA

A

Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, and others
~thrive in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments
Highly specialized appendages
~crayfish and lobsters have 19 paired appendages
Small crustaceans exchange gases across thin areas of the cuticle; larger species have gills

60
Q

phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA

Class Malacostraca

Two regions

A

CEPHALOTHORAX (fusion of the head and thorax)

ABDOMEN

61
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA

A

INSECTS
~ more species-rich than all other forms of life combined
~live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
~ explosion in the insect diversity took place when the flight evolved during the CArboniferous and Permian periods

62
Q

Evolution of flight

Subphylum hexapoda

A

Wings are extensions of the cuticle (1-2 pairs on thorax)

Advantages:
Escape predators
Find food and mates
Dispersal

63
Q

Many insects undergo metamorphosis

A

~Most insects reproduce sexually
~INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS- the young (NYMPHS) resemble adults but are smaller, have different body proportions, and lack wings (CRICKETS)
*through a series of molts the nymph transforms into the adult form
~COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS- larval stages specialized for eating and growing
*adult stage specialized for dispersal and reproduction

64
Q

KINGDOM DEUTEROSTOMIA

A

PHYLUM ECHNODERMATA

65
Q

Kingdom Deuterostomia

PHYLUM ECHNODERMATA (spiney skin)

A

SEA STARS, SEA URCHINS, and OTHERS
~slow- moving or sessile
~thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
~WATER VASCULAR SYSTEMS- network of hydraulic canals branching into TUBE FEET that function in locomotion and feeding
~sexual reproduction- release gametes into water
~larval have bilateral symmetry; adults have secondary radial (5 planes)

66
Q

Digestive tract order of Starfish

A 
Madreporite
Stone canal 
Ring canal 
Radial canal 
Lateral canal 
Ampulla 
Tube feet

Biology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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