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VERTEBRATE EVOL > Vertebrate structure and development > Flashcards

Vertebrate structure and development Flashcards

1
Q

basic vert structure: features

A
  • larger than other chordates, need sys to deliver O2 and remove waste (via blood, diffusion insufficient)
  • metabolic rate much higher (need more food, switch predatory lifestyle)
  • better dev sensory system
  • superior locomotory abilities
  • complex feeding mechanisms (eg. muscular pharynx)
  • tougher integument and bones: for protection
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2
Q

basic vert structure: list key dev (15)

A
  • tripartite brain protected by cranium (close concert w complex sense organs)
  • lateral line present
  • electroreception
  • endostyle now in thyroid
  • less gill slits, hav gill tissue for respiration
  • gill arches support gill slits
  • pharynx muscularised
  • 3 chambered heart under neural control
  • closed circulatory sys
  • pancreas, liver, kidney present
  • body fluids more dilute than seawater
  • muscularised gut
  • digestion extracellular (enzymes to break down, byproducts absorbed)
  • caudal fin: fin rays
  • W shaped myomeres
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3
Q

embryonic dev: ectoderm

A
  • outer layers of skin
  • ant/post lining of most parts of gut
  • parts of nervous sys (incl. sensory organs)
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4
Q

embryonic dev: endoderm

A
  • mid lining of gut

- lining glands assoc w gut, respiratory surfaces, tastebuds, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands

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5
Q

embryonic dev: mesoderm

A
  • mm, skeleton, ct.

- circulatory and urogenital sys

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6
Q

embryonic dev: pharyngeal pouches for fish

A
  • grooves in btw =gills

- vert lining pouches become lymphatic sys (thymus, parathyroid glands, carotid bodies, tonsils)

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7
Q

embryonic dev: nn cord and neural crest

A

nn cord: folding/ pinching off ridge of ectoderm (encoded by notochord)

neural crest: arise next to nn cord, eventually migrate and diff into myriad cell types esp head region

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8
Q

embryonic dev: neural crest forms

A
  • bones and mm in head
  • PNS
  • portions of brain
  • adrenal glands
  • pigment cells
  • gut secretory glands
  • aorta smooth mm
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9
Q

mesoderm: ceolom

A
  • aka body cavity
  • mammals: pleural cavity (lungs), pericardial (heart), peritoneal (abdominal)
  • animals lack lungs + diaphragm (pleuroperitoneal)
  • mesoderm lining: peritoneum and pericardium
  • organs suspended in cavity by mesentery
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10
Q

mesoderm: divides into 4 parts

A
  • paraxial m
  • lateral plate m
  • midline m
  • intermediate m
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11
Q

paraxial mesoderm: list

A
  • dorsal
  • forms into head
  • also forms somites
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12
Q

paraxial mesoderm: somites

A
  • extend from neck to tail, from paraxial

- diff into dermis/striated mm/bone (sclero/myo/dermatome)

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13
Q

paraxial mesoderm: epaxial

A
  • stay in place
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14
Q

paraxial mesoderm: hypaxial

A
  • migrate ventrally

- mm of tetrapod limbs

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15
Q

lateral plate mesoderm: location

A
  • thin walled, unsegmented ventral section
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16
Q

lateral plate mesoderm: features

A
  • forms all non-segmented internal parts of body

- eg. mesenteries, vascular system, peritoneum, pericardium, reproductive sys, gut mm, cardiac mm

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17
Q

intermediate mesoderm:

A
  • buds
  • aka nephrotomes
  • kidney and gonads
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18
Q

midline mesoderm:

A
  • forms notochord

- prechordal plate

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19
Q

list adult cell types: (5)

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • vascular
  • muscular
  • nervous
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20
Q

connective tissue: list types (3)

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • keratin
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21
Q

connective tissue: collagen and elastin + og

A
  • key component, in vert combines w elastin for stretchable tissue
  • mesoderm og
  • cont to tendons, ligs, bone matrix
  • major component of soft tissue in various organs
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22
Q

connective tissue: keratin + og

A
  • fibrous protein
  • ectoderm og
  • mainly in epidermis
  • hair, scales, feathers, claws, horny structures
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23
Q

integument: list layers (superficial to deep)

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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24
Q

integument: features and function

A
  • outer layer of vert
  • skin and derivatives
  • scales, glands, armour, hair
  • protect and sensory functions
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25
Q

integument: epidermis- features

A
  • boundary btw animal and env
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26
Q

integument: epidermis- og

A

ectoderm

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27
Q

integument: epidermis- contains

A
  • many glands
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28
Q

integument: epidermis- function

A
  • protection

- glands osmotic reg

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29
Q

integument: dermis- og

A
  • mesoderm

- neural crest cells

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30
Q

integument: dermis- contains

A
  • collagen (strength)
  • blood v
  • melanocytes (pigmentation)
  • sensory cells (temp, pressure, pain)
  • smooth mm
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31
Q

integument: dermis- function

A
  • sensory

- strength

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32
Q

integument: hypodermis- og

A
  • mesoderm
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33
Q

integument: hypodermis- contains

A
  • collagen

- elastin

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34
Q

integument: hypodermis- function

A
  • fat storage

- subcutaneous fat

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35
Q

mineralised tissue: hydroxyapatite features

A
  • unique material to vert
  • Ca + phosphorus resistant to acid
  • 6 types comprised of collagen fibres, cells secrete proteinaceous tissue matrix, crystals of hydroxyapatite
  • laid in alternate directions for strength, relatively light
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36
Q

mineralised tissue: list types (6)

A
  • mineralised cartilage
  • bone
  • enamel
  • dentine
  • anameloid
  • cementum
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37
Q

mineralised tissue: mineralised cartilage

A
  • major component of shark skeleton

- made from chondrocytes

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38
Q

mineralised tissue: bone

A
  • internal skeleton of bony fish and tetrapods

- osteocytes

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39
Q

mineralised tissue: enamel and dentine

A
  • in teeth
  • dentine: odontoblasts
  • enamel: amyloblasts
  • > 90% mineralised so preserves well in fossils
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40
Q

mineralised tissue: anameloid

A
  • enamel-like substance in cartilaginous fish

- outer layer of teeth and dermal scales

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41
Q

mineralised tissue: cementum

A
  • bone-like substance securing teeth to socket
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42
Q

bone: features

A
  • highly mineralised but still vascularised to allow remodelling if fractures
  • old bone removed by osteoclasts, relaid by osteoblasts
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43
Q

bone: list types (2)

A
  • dermal

- endochondral

44
Q

bone: dermal and eg

A
  • laid down on skin
  • no cartilage precursor
  • earliest type of bone to evolve
  • first seen in ostacoderms
  • tetrapods lack dermal bone, but skull dermal in og
45
Q

bone: endochondral and eg

A
  • bony fish and tetrapods, endoskeleton laid down in cartilage
  • gradually replaced by bone later in dev
46
Q

SKM: axial skeleton

A
  • essentially notochord, og backbone of chordates
  • adult tetrapods remnants in IVD
  • from pituitary gland to flesh tail
47
Q

SKM: endodermal skeleton/ endoskeleton list full features

A
  • structure to ensure gills kept open: gill arches
  • cranium: brain
  • dermal skeleton: armoured plating
  • axial skeleton: vert, ribs, fin supports
  • appendicular skeleton: limbs, limb girdles
48
Q

skull: list 3 components

A
  • chondrocranium
  • splanchnocranium
  • dermatocranium
49
Q

skull: features and og- chondrocranium

A
  • surrounds the brain
  • endochondral bone
  • neural crest og
50
Q

skull: features and og- splanchnocranium

A
  • supports gills
  • aka gill arches
  • endochondral bone
  • neural crest og
51
Q

skull: features and og- dermatocranium

A
  • forms skin as outer cover
  • dermal bone
  • mesoderm og
52
Q

skull: ant gill arches

A
  • recruited to form jaw structure
53
Q

SKM: list type cranial striated mm (2)

A
  • extrinsic eye mm

- branchiomeric mm

54
Q

SKM: eye mm features

A
  • 6 eye mm in all vert exc hagfish (2º loss)

- innervated by somatic motor nn

55
Q

SKM: branchiomeric mm

A
  • assoc w splanchnocranium
  • suck up water: feeding/ respiration
  • inn by cranial nn
56
Q

SKM: axial mm

A
  • myomeres dist over several body parts will cause undulate when contracted
  • this segmentation obv in fish mm (not tetrapods eg. abs)
  • provides propulsion
57
Q

SKM: axial mm list sections (3)

A
  • epaxial
  • hypaxial
  • horizontal septum
58
Q

SKM: axial mm pelvic and pectoral mm use

A
  • steering

- breaking

59
Q

energy and metabolism: process of when food is eaten

A
  • passes through digestive tract (peristalsis)
  • dissolved by digestive enzymes in liver and pancreas
  • waste out through cloaca: shared exit for reproductive/urinary/digestive sys
60
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS features

A
  • primitive vert: like amphibians relied on diffusion
  • need specialised gas exchange sys (lrg body size)
  • in water: 1º organ= gills, air= lungs
  • closed sys: veins, capillaries, aorta etc.
61
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS blood function

A
  • carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • removes waste and CO2
  • circulates hormones to target tissues
62
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS blood consists

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
63
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS heart list chambers and flow

A
  • 3 chambered heart
  • sinus venosus
  • atrium
  • ventricle (fish VAS)
  • unidirectional controlled by valves
64
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS amphibian heart

A
  • R/L atrium
  • ventricle
  • no sinus venosus
65
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS reptile heart

A
  • R/L atrium
  • slightly divided ventricle
  • no sinus venosus
66
Q

energy and metabolism: CVS bird/mammal heart

A
  • R/L atrium
  • R/L ventricle
  • no sinus venosum
67
Q

excretion: kidney main function and eg.

A
  • remove waste products from blood
  • control osmotic regulation
  • amphibians/ fish: fils and skin play major role
68
Q

excretion: vert embryo- list kidney sections (3) and which ceases function in adult vert

A
  • pronephros
  • mesonephros
  • metanephros
  • pronephros stops function
69
Q

excretion: opisthonephric kidney

A
  • sharks, fish, amphibians

- adult kidney of meso, metanephros

70
Q

reproduction: define

A
  • state when gametes are produced, released, and fuse to form zygote
71
Q

reproduction: og of gonads and gametes

A

gonads: mesoderm
gametes: endoderm

72
Q

reproduction: gonads features

A
  • paired in jawed vert (not agnathans) typically lie post body wall
  • only mammals testicles external
  • produce hormones (testosterone, oestrogen)
73
Q

reproduction: gametes features

A
  • jawed vert: gametes travel to cloaca via special ducts (male: archinephric, female: oviduct)
74
Q

reproduction: oviduct features

A
  • adds various things to form egg
  • shell, yolk
  • can be enlarged to store eggs or uterus for young to dev
  • eggs may be retained in case of live-bearers or laid once fertilised
75
Q

coordination: list dual NS

A
  • somatic

- visceral

76
Q

coordination: somatic NS and eg

A
  • inn structures derived from somites
  • relays info to brain conscious
  • pain, heat
77
Q

coordination: visceral NS and eg

A
  • inn smooth and cardiac mm
  • relays sensory unconscious
  • CO2 lvl in blood
78
Q

coordination: list spinal nn types (4)

A
  • somatic sensory
  • somatic motor
  • visceral sensory (autonomic)
  • visceral motor
79
Q

motor neurons: part of which NS

A

autonomic

80
Q

autonomic NS comprised of:

A
  • symp NS

- parasym NS

81
Q

list nerves: (12)

A
  • optic
  • olfactory
  • occulomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear (auditory)
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
  • accessory
  • hypoglossal
82
Q

how many nn for ancestral vert and amniotes?

A
  • ancestral vert 10

- amniotes 12

83
Q

which brain region likely a vert invention?

A
  • telencephalon
84
Q

ancestral vert: assoc- forebrain

A
  • smell
85
Q

ancestral vert: assoc- midbrain

A
  • vision
86
Q

ancestral vert: assoc- hindbrain

A
  • balance

- vibration detection

87
Q

forebrain: ant part features and name

A
  • telencephalon
  • coordinates inputs from sensory modalities
  • birds/ mammals: enlarged into cerebrum
88
Q

forebrain: cerebrum and eg

A
  • neocortex
  • sensory integration and nervous control
  • sharks and hagfish independently evolved enlarged cerebrum
89
Q

forebrain: post part features and name

A
  • diencephalon
  • intermediary btw sensory and higher brain areas
  • pituitary and pineal glands attached
90
Q

midbrain: features and name

A
  • mesencephalon
  • develops with eyes, most vert: assoc with vision
  • mammals: function co-opted by forebrain
91
Q

hindbrain: name parts (2)

A
  • metencephalon

- myencephalon

92
Q

midbrain: name parts of metencephalon

A
  • comprised region called pons,

- outgrowth: cerebellum

93
Q

midbrain: metencephalon features

A
  • cerebellum (motor coordination)

- pons (relay station btw cortex and cerebellum)

94
Q

midbrain: myelencephalon

A
  • responsible basal functions such as respiration

- relay station for receptors from inner ear

95
Q

sense organs derived from:

A
  • epidermal placodes

- highly variable, derived features of all vert groups

96
Q

name system part of and analysed where: smell

A
  • somatic sensory sys

- analysed in forebrain

97
Q

name system part of and analysed where: taste

A
  • visceral sensory sys

- analysed in hindbrain

98
Q

how vision in possible:

A
  • sheet of receptors (retina) w rods and cones

- detect various wavelengths of light

99
Q

how vibration detection is acheived:

A
  • inner ear

- lateral line sys in fish

100
Q

electroreception: features

A
  • primitive vert trait
  • standard in fish, sharks
  • also well dev in monotremes (eg. echidna but possibly independently)
101
Q

endocrine sys: function

A
  • send info through body using hormones
  • hormones created by endo glands (pituitary, thyroid) or organs w other functions (gonads, kidneys)
  • control energy allocation
102
Q

endocrine sys: amniotes features

A
  • glands gathered together as major organs

- rest vert have small clusters dist around body

103
Q

immune sys: features

A
  • vert hav adaptive immunity, able to respond to all sorts novel pathogen threats
  • all animals have innate immune sys
  • lymphocytes hav flexible antigen recognition
104
Q

immune sys: thymus gland sig

A
  • jawed vert hav thymus gland producing lymphocytes

- agnathans don’t have this organ

105
Q

immune sys: adaptive list (3)

A
  • antibodies, humoral immune response
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • memory response
106
Q

immune sys: innate physical barriers list (5)

A
  • skin, hair cilia
  • mucus membranes
  • mucus, chemical secretions
  • digestive enzymes in mouth
  • stomach acid
107
Q

immune sys: innate internal defenses list (4)

A
  • inflammatory response
  • complement proteins
  • phagocytic cells
  • natural killer cells (NK)

VERTEBRATE EVOL (6 decks)

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