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VERTEBRATE EVOL > Diversity, classification and evolution > Flashcards

Diversity, classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

how many extant species:

A

~65 000

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2
Q

vertebrates: list 2 major groups

A
  • non-amniotes

- amniotes

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3
Q

non-amniotes: list

A
  • agnathans
  • chondrichthyes
  • osteichthyes
  • amphibians
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4
Q

aminotes: list

A
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
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5
Q

amnion: features

A
  • 2 major groups based on whether amnion exists
  • one of 3 membranes within egg, immediately surrounding embryo
  • (other 2 are chorion, allantois)
  • division roughly aligns w terrestrial/ aquatic life
  • amoniotic fluid so embryo bathed in liquid similar to fish and amphibian embryos
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6
Q

non-amniotes: features

A
  • protected by 2 membranes
  • fishes, amphibians
  • roughly corresponds to aquatic verts
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7
Q

non-amniotes list phylogenetic classification: verts (least - most specific) (4)

A
  • craniata
  • vertebrata
  • gnathstomata
  • osteichthyes
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8
Q

non-amniotes phylogenetic classification: craniata eg.

A

hagfish (myxiniformes)

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9
Q

non-amniotes phylogenetic classification: verterbata eg.

A

lamprey (ptermyzontiformes)

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10
Q

non-amniotes phylogenetic classification: gnathostomata eg.

A

sharks, rays (chondrichthyes)

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11
Q

non-amniotes phylogenetic classification: osteichthyes eg.

A

lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygii)

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12
Q

non-amniotes craniata: shared characteristics

A
  • brain case
  • gills
  • distinct head
  • differentiated digestive organs
  • ventral pumping heart (under neural control)
  • tripartate brain
  • neural crest cells
  • closed circulatory system
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13
Q

eg. hagfish

A
  • eel-like
  • known for copious amounts of mucus
  • purely marin
  • mouth surrounded by tentacles
  • scavengers on dead creatures
  • accessory hearts
  • iso-osmotic
  • single semi-circular canal (front/back)
  • rudimentary vertebrate (not actual bones)
    ~70 species
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14
Q

non-amniotes vertebrata: shared characteristics

A

craniata +

  • backbone of vertebrate
  • radial fin mm. control movement of limbs/ fins
  • 2+ vertical semicircular inner ear canals
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15
Q

eg. lamprey

A
  • marine and freshwater (many move btw two as part of lifecycle)
  • pest species (parasites) of other fishes
  • sucking disk
  • soft bodied
  • scaleless
  • single, central nostril
  • amnocoetes larval form= only filter feeds
    ~38 species
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16
Q

non-amniotes gnathostomata: shared characteristics

A
  • jawed vert
  • teeth
  • paired appendages (pectoral, pelvic fins)
  • horizontal semicircular inner ear canal (total 3)
  • paired nostrils
  • 5 gill slits
  • series gill arches
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17
Q

eg. chondrichthyes (sharks, rays etc.)

A 
chondros= cartliage
icthys= fish
  • skates, chimearas
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • solid brain case
  • 5-7 pairs of gills (and assoc complex arterial sys)
  • 2 chambered heart
  • intestine w spiral valve
  • claspers present in males
  • no swim bladder
  • teeth at jaw margin
  • paired nares
    ~1200 species (pelagic great whites- deadly vs. majority benthic)
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18
Q

non-amniotes osteichthyes: 2 main classifications

A
  • ray finned fish (actinopterygians)

- lobe finned fish (sarcopterygians)

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19
Q

non-amniotes osteichthyes: shared characteristics

A
  • well ossified bony skeleton
  • pair of lungs/ swim bladder (evolved from lungs- maybe 2º lost)
  • bony fin rays
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20
Q

eg. actinopterygii (ray finned fish)

A 
aktis= ray
pteryx= wing/fin
  • single gill opening covered by operculum
  • paired fins supported by bony rays
  • dorsal fin
  • swim bladders mainly hydrostatic
  • 2 chambered heart (atrium/ventricle not divided) + conus arteriosis
    ~32 000 species

most dom class of vert on planet

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21
Q

eg. sarcopterygii (lobe finned fish)

A 
sarkos= flesh
pteryx= wing/fin
  • single gill opening covered by operculum
  • paired fins (limbs) w sturdy internal skeleton and musculature
  • single bone connects limbs to girdle (similar to tetrapods)
  • diphycercal tail (vert column extends to tip)
  • atrium and ventricle party or fully divided
  • internal nares
  • teeth covered w enamel
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22
Q

eg. name 2 fish classification

A
  • Rhipidistia

- Actinistia

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23
Q

eg. rhipidistia

A

dipnoi and tetrapodomorpha

eg. lungfish (8 species)

24
Q

eg. actinistia

A

ceolcanth (2 species)

25
Q

eg. tetrapodamorpha:

A
  • vert w 4 legs, tho maybe 2º lost
26
Q

non-amniotes amphibia: shared characteristics

A 
amphi= both
bios= life
  • eg. frogs, salamanders
  • ectothermic tetrapods
  • respiration by lungs/ gills/ skin
  • eggs laid in water/ moist env
  • dev through aquatic larval stage
  • skin moist w mucous glands, no scales
  • bones support fish jaw now ear bones
  • eyelids
  • 3 chambered heart (divided atria)
  • urinary bladder (1º waste is urea)
27
Q

amniotes classification: main classifications

A
  • sauropsids

- synapsids (mammals)

28
Q

amniotes reptilia shared characteristics:

A

repere= creep

  • turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes
  • ectothermic tetrapods
  • respiration via lungs
  • embryo dev into shelled egg (amnion present)
  • no larval stage
  • skin dry, lacking mucous glands
  • epidermal scales
  • 3 chambered heart (2 atria, ventricle partially divided)
  • no 2º pallet (must hold breath while swallowing)
  • kidneys present but not well developed (uric acid, urea principal waste, salt glands)
  • inner, middle ear
    ~8100 species
29
Q

amniotes aves shared characteristics:

A

ave= bird

  • endothermic for forelimbs modified for flight
  • body covered w feathers
  • bipedal, scales on feet)
  • flattened ribs, keeled sternum for flight mm attachment
  • toothless, beaked jaws
  • complex vert (v flexible neck)
  • flow through lungs
  • 4 chambered heart
  • well dev kidneys (main excretion= uric acid)
    ~9700 species
30
Q

amniotes mammalia shared characteristics:

A

mamma= breast

  • endothermic vert
  • high metabolism
  • 4 chambered heart
  • possess mammary glands (specialised sweat glands)
  • body covered w hair
  • brain large w neocortex
  • 3 middle ear bones
  • distinctive jaw + cranium
  • erect limb posture
  • tidal lungs w alveoli
  • bondy 2º pallet (eat/ breathe simultaneously)
    ~4800 species
31
Q

taxonomy: invented by

A
  • linnaeus
  • binomial sys,
  • hierarchal ‘ranking’ sys
  • higher taxa have ranks
  • species back then places into same genus based on morphological characters
  • no concept of evol/ genetics
32
Q

taxonomy classes:

A

phylum - class - subclass - order - family - genus - species (broad - specific)

33
Q

cladistic analysis: parsimonious tree

A
  • requires fewest evolutionary events (appearance of shared derived characters)
34
Q

phylogentic systematics: define clade

A
  • group of organisms related through common descent
35
Q

phylogentic systematics: define derived

A
  • different from ancestral condition
36
Q

phylogentic systematics: define members of clade have

A
  • shared derived characters
37
Q

phylogentic systematics: define apomorphy

A
  • derived character
38
Q

phylogentic systematics: define synapomorphy

A
  • shared derived character
39
Q

eg. shared derived character

A
  • forelimbed structure on terrestrial vert, lobe-finned fish
40
Q

define plesiomorphies:

A
  • shared ancestral traits
41
Q

eg. plesiomorphies:

A

vert have vertebral column

42
Q

define symplesiomorphies:

A
  • shared ancestral traits

- BUT doesn’t tell about how closely related species are

43
Q

define: polarity

A
  • direction of change
44
Q

define: outgroup

A
  • species that are more distantly related
45
Q

define: monophyletic

A
  • evol lineages must have single evolutionary origin
46
Q

define: dichotomous branches

A
  • come out from theoretical ancestor
47
Q

define: crown group

A

extant species

48
Q

define: stem group

A

extinct species

49
Q

define: paraphyletic and eg.

A
  • don’t contain all decendents from common ancestor because stem group taxa excl by definition
50
Q

cladograms: features

A
  • capture traits of animals that share common heritage
51
Q

define: sister group

A
  • monophyletic lineage closely related to lineage being discussed
52
Q

homology vs analogy:

A
  • some traits derived from common ancestry (homologous)

- eg. wings developed independently are analogous, evolved through convergent evol

53
Q

parallel evolution: and eg.

A
  • species recently diverged dev similar specialisations (eg. jerboa and kangaroo rat- long hind limbs for hopping)
54
Q

reversal evolution: eg.

A
  • vert started out in water being streamlined, important
  • reptiles, birds, mammals returned to water and adopted stream-lined shape
  • terrestrial w well dev limbs returned to aquatic env reverted to body form
  • penguin, dolphin
55
Q

define: homoplasy

A
  • convergence, parallelism, reversal all forms of homoplasy
  • homoplastic similarities not indicative of common ancestry
  • convergent and parallel evolution falsely suggest common evolutionary og.
  • reversal conceals common orgins

VERTEBRATE EVOL (6 decks)

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