Vertebrate Biology Lab exam Flashcards
name the three types of mammal
monotremes - protheria
marsupials - metatheria
placental - eutheria
define heterdont
more than 1 tooth morphoogy in one animal
what is the human dental formula
2123/2123 (ICPM)
what type of skull do mammals have
synapsid
what are the three types of molar, describe what they look like and what order of animal has them
bunodont - rounded, primates
selenodont - cresent shape, atriodactyl
lophodont - eleongated perissodactyl
hypsodont vs brachydont
hypsodont - high crowned, on odd toed ungulates (perisodactyl)
brachydont - low crowned on even toed ungulates, artiodactyl
define molarisation
occurs in horses because of their diet of corase vegetation, pre molars become more simlar to molars
how can you tell between a metatherian and a eutherian by teeth alone
metatherians have an inflected bony shaft at the back of their dentary
decsribe the three foot postures
unguligrade: walks on hooves
digitigrade: walks on toes no heel contact
plantigrade: walks on the soles of its feet
two adaptations for aboreal life in mammals
hooked claws
opposable thumb
differentiate between bat and bird wings
bats - stretched skin, 5 fingers
birds - feathers, 3 fingers
differntiate between bird and bat keels
bats - small to squeeze into nests uses its chest and its back to fly, whilst birds are much larger since they use only their chest to fly
what is hyperphalangy
arms for paddles
what are the adaptations for cetacena limbs, what extint organism are they convergent with in this respect
hyperphalangy -
vestigal (remnant) hind limbs
convergent with icthyosauraus
what are the native NZ mammals
chirptera
cetaceans
what is the unicate process?
a ridgid cage to protect internal organs when flying
what is the purpose of the loss of fingers in the bird hand
increases ridigidity of the wing
creates more thurst
what is the furcula
clavicle fusion - helps to protect internal organs
compare zygo an aniso dactyl
zygodactyl - 2 back toes when perched
anisodactyl - 1 back toe when perched
define pterylae and apteria
pterylae = symmetrical feather tracts apteria = sections of bare skin inbetween pterylae
what is aspect ratio? what are the pros and cons to a large aspect ratio
length: width of a bird wing
a large aspect ratio allows fast flight but low manoeverabilty
define altricial and precocial birth
altricial = baby born at an undeveloped stage precocial = baby born at developed stage
what is a volant organism
one that flys
what are the orders of amphibian
urodela - salamanders
anura -frogs and toads
gymnophiona - caecilians
what is notency, what two notent charcteristics do axolotks show?
juvenile retention
external gills
dorsal fin
why is notency adavantegous in axolotls
hostile terrestrial env around their water bodies
few fish so underwater living isnt a risk
water bodies are permanent
what are the four native nz frogs
leiopelma archeyi - archeys frog
“ hochstetteri - hochstetters frog
“ hamiltoni - hamiltons frog
“ pakeka - Maud islands frog
what are the three introduced species of frog in NZ
ranoidea aurea - green or gold bell frog
“ raniformis - southern bell frog
litoria ewingii - brown whistling tree frog
deferetiate between anura and urodela
anura has no tail and is short and inflexible
give a pro and a con of having a juvelinle and aquatic stage in frogs
exploit resources it cant as an adult
energy used in between the stages to metamorphose
how do you tell between a native and an introduced frog
introduced have tympanum and webbed feet
what are the anatomical features of gymnophinoids
small eye covered in skin
legless
skin folds encircle body
define oviparous and viviparous
oviparous - hatch eggs
viviparous - develop inside female
what are the orders of reptile
squamata
crocodilia
testudinata
what are the groups of squmata
sphenodontia - tuatara
lacertilia - lizards
amphisbaenia - worm lizards
serpentes - snakes
how do you tell between the following based on their skulls alone? tuatara turtles lizards snakes
turtles have an anapsid skull
tuatara have a diapsid skull with two temporal bars
lizards have the same but with one temporal bar
snakes have a diapsid skull without temporal bars
what groups of amphibians and reptiles have evolved leglessness
serpentes
amphisbaenian
gymnophiona
what are the adaptations to a snake living under water?
valvular nostrils
flat paddle tail
deifferntate between lizards and skinks
lizards - broad legs large head borad toes granual scales narrow neck
skink thin legs small head thin toes smooth scales small eyes
decsribe the venous system of the toad
2 atria
1 ventricle
sinus venosus drains into the right atria
has two anterior vena carvae , follow these to the arms
split into jugular inominate and subcliavian veins
prosterioir vena cava, two hepatic veins join from the intestines and stomach
hind legs fermoral veins split into pelvic and external iliac vein. pelvic veins meet ventrally form the ventral abdominal
iliac become the renal portal vein
describe the arterial system of the frog
truncus arteriosus leaves the heart
three aortic arches, leaving the heart carotids( head) sytemics and pulmoaries (lungs)
at prosteriori there is the dorsal aorta near the verterbral column branches into two to give the iliac arteries for the legs
from pulmoary artery a branch goes to the skin
coeliacomesentric artery supplies the gut
urinogenital arteries near vertebral column
sytemitcs come togehter at the sub clavian
describe the different fins on the fish
paired fins - pectoral (on the side) pelvic (below)
ventral or anal fin is at the anus
claudal fin at the back (the tail
dorsal fin is on top
pelvic fins are always ______ to the pectroal fins byut in primitive fish pelvic fins are at the ______ whilst on modern fish they are found at the _____
prosterior
abdomen
thorax
(move forawd in modern fish_
what is the purpose of the pyloric ceca in fish
secretes digestive enzymes, blind ending tubes, found between oesphoagus and stomach
desccribe the fish heat
blood enters the sinus venosus pushed into the atrium then ventriccle
out through the bulbous arteriosus
a fish with more red muscle than white muscle will be
slower and smaller
describe the terms culumus and rachis when refering to bird feathers
culumus is the hollow base that enters the ducts
the rest of the shaft is the rachis
whats is the alula or bastard wing?
small group of feathers on the bend of the wing
where do primaries attach to and what aout secondaries
primaries attach to the hand secondaries attach to the ulna
what are covert feathers
overlap primaries and secondaries to streamline the bird
describe the following feathers
contour
down
filoplumes
contour feathers - streamline for flight - waterproofing
down - shrot shaft and fluffy
filoplumes - long shaft soft barbs at the tip
describe the pectrolis major and supracoracoideus
pectrolis major - lowers wing - much larger in most birds
supracoracoideus - raises wing much smaller and found underneath
