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Year 2 Semester 1 > Vertebrate Biology Lab exam > Flashcards

Vertebrate Biology Lab exam Flashcards

1
Q

name the three types of mammal

A

monotremes - protheria
marsupials - metatheria
placental - eutheria

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2
Q

define heterdont

A

more than 1 tooth morphoogy in one animal

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3
Q

what is the human dental formula

A

2123/2123 (ICPM)

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4
Q

what type of skull do mammals have

A

synapsid

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5
Q

what are the three types of molar, describe what they look like and what order of animal has them

A

bunodont - rounded, primates
selenodont - cresent shape, atriodactyl
lophodont - eleongated perissodactyl

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6
Q

hypsodont vs brachydont

A

hypsodont - high crowned, on odd toed ungulates (perisodactyl)

brachydont - low crowned on even toed ungulates, artiodactyl

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7
Q

define molarisation

A

occurs in horses because of their diet of corase vegetation, pre molars become more simlar to molars

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8
Q

how can you tell between a metatherian and a eutherian by teeth alone

A

metatherians have an inflected bony shaft at the back of their dentary

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9
Q

decsribe the three foot postures

A

unguligrade: walks on hooves
digitigrade: walks on toes no heel contact
plantigrade: walks on the soles of its feet

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10
Q

two adaptations for aboreal life in mammals

A

hooked claws

opposable thumb

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11
Q

differentiate between bat and bird wings

A

bats - stretched skin, 5 fingers

birds - feathers, 3 fingers

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12
Q

differntiate between bird and bat keels

A

bats - small to squeeze into nests uses its chest and its back to fly, whilst birds are much larger since they use only their chest to fly

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13
Q

what is hyperphalangy

A

arms for paddles

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14
Q

what are the adaptations for cetacena limbs, what extint organism are they convergent with in this respect

A

hyperphalangy -
vestigal (remnant) hind limbs

convergent with icthyosauraus

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15
Q

what are the native NZ mammals

A

chirptera

cetaceans

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16
Q

what is the unicate process?

A

a ridgid cage to protect internal organs when flying

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the loss of fingers in the bird hand

A

increases ridigidity of the wing

creates more thurst

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18
Q

what is the furcula

A

clavicle fusion - helps to protect internal organs

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19
Q

compare zygo an aniso dactyl

A

zygodactyl - 2 back toes when perched

anisodactyl - 1 back toe when perched

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20
Q

define pterylae and apteria

A 
pterylae = symmetrical feather tracts 
apteria = sections of bare skin inbetween pterylae
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21
Q

what is aspect ratio? what are the pros and cons to a large aspect ratio

A

length: width of a bird wing

a large aspect ratio allows fast flight but low manoeverabilty

22
Q

define altricial and precocial birth

A 
altricial = baby born at an undeveloped stage 
precocial = baby born at developed stage
23
Q

what is a volant organism

A

one that flys

24
Q

what are the orders of amphibian

A

urodela - salamanders
anura -frogs and toads
gymnophiona - caecilians

25
Q

what is notency, what two notent charcteristics do axolotks show?

A

juvenile retention
external gills
dorsal fin

26
Q

why is notency adavantegous in axolotls

A

hostile terrestrial env around their water bodies
few fish so underwater living isnt a risk
water bodies are permanent

27
Q

what are the four native nz frogs

A

leiopelma archeyi - archeys frog
“ hochstetteri - hochstetters frog
“ hamiltoni - hamiltons frog
“ pakeka - Maud islands frog

28
Q

what are the three introduced species of frog in NZ

A

ranoidea aurea - green or gold bell frog
“ raniformis - southern bell frog
litoria ewingii - brown whistling tree frog

29
Q

deferetiate between anura and urodela

A

anura has no tail and is short and inflexible

30
Q

give a pro and a con of having a juvelinle and aquatic stage in frogs

A

exploit resources it cant as an adult

energy used in between the stages to metamorphose

31
Q

how do you tell between a native and an introduced frog

A

introduced have tympanum and webbed feet

32
Q

what are the anatomical features of gymnophinoids

A

small eye covered in skin
legless
skin folds encircle body

33
Q

define oviparous and viviparous

A

oviparous - hatch eggs

viviparous - develop inside female

34
Q

what are the orders of reptile

A

squamata
crocodilia
testudinata

35
Q

what are the groups of squmata

A

sphenodontia - tuatara
lacertilia - lizards
amphisbaenia - worm lizards
serpentes - snakes

36
Q 
how do you tell between the following based on their skulls alone? 
tuatara 
turtles
lizards 
snakes
A

turtles have an anapsid skull
tuatara have a diapsid skull with two temporal bars
lizards have the same but with one temporal bar
snakes have a diapsid skull without temporal bars

37
Q

what groups of amphibians and reptiles have evolved leglessness

A

serpentes
amphisbaenian
gymnophiona

38
Q

what are the adaptations to a snake living under water?

A

valvular nostrils

flat paddle tail

39
Q

deifferntate between lizards and skinks

A 
lizards - broad legs 
large head 
borad toes 
granual scales 
narrow neck 
skink 
thin legs
small head 
thin toes 
smooth scales 
small eyes
40
Q

decsribe the venous system of the toad

A

2 atria
1 ventricle

sinus venosus drains into the right atria

has two anterior vena carvae , follow these to the arms

split into jugular inominate and subcliavian veins

prosterioir vena cava, two hepatic veins join from the intestines and stomach

hind legs fermoral veins split into pelvic and external iliac vein. pelvic veins meet ventrally form the ventral abdominal
iliac become the renal portal vein

41
Q

describe the arterial system of the frog

A

truncus arteriosus leaves the heart

three aortic arches, leaving the heart carotids( head) sytemics and pulmoaries (lungs)

at prosteriori there is the dorsal aorta near the verterbral column branches into two to give the iliac arteries for the legs

from pulmoary artery a branch goes to the skin

coeliacomesentric artery supplies the gut
urinogenital arteries near vertebral column

sytemitcs come togehter at the sub clavian

42
Q

describe the different fins on the fish

A

paired fins - pectoral (on the side) pelvic (below)

ventral or anal fin is at the anus

claudal fin at the back (the tail

dorsal fin is on top

43
Q

pelvic fins are always ______ to the pectroal fins byut in primitive fish pelvic fins are at the ______ whilst on modern fish they are found at the _____

A

prosterior

abdomen

thorax
(move forawd in modern fish_

44
Q

what is the purpose of the pyloric ceca in fish

A

secretes digestive enzymes, blind ending tubes, found between oesphoagus and stomach

45
Q

desccribe the fish heat

A

blood enters the sinus venosus pushed into the atrium then ventriccle
out through the bulbous arteriosus

46
Q

a fish with more red muscle than white muscle will be

A

slower and smaller

47
Q

describe the terms culumus and rachis when refering to bird feathers

A

culumus is the hollow base that enters the ducts

the rest of the shaft is the rachis

48
Q

whats is the alula or bastard wing?

A

small group of feathers on the bend of the wing

49
Q

where do primaries attach to and what aout secondaries

A

primaries attach to the hand secondaries attach to the ulna

50
Q

what are covert feathers

A

overlap primaries and secondaries to streamline the bird

51
Q

describe the following feathers
contour
down
filoplumes

A

contour feathers - streamline for flight - waterproofing

down - shrot shaft and fluffy

filoplumes - long shaft soft barbs at the tip

52
Q

describe the pectrolis major and supracoracoideus

A

pectrolis major - lowers wing - much larger in most birds

supracoracoideus - raises wing much smaller and found underneath

Year 2 Semester 1 (6 decks)

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