vertebrate bio

Question 1

what are the four types of native frog and where do they come from

Answer 1

all leiopelma 
archeyi - northland
hockstetteri - north north island
hamiltoni - top of south island
pakeka - malborough sounds

Question 2

all the native NZ frogs are t_____. Why?

Answer 2

terrestrial

aquatic tadpole stage would be washed down the mountain streams

Question 3

give ways in which new zealand native frogs are primative

Answer 3

no tympanic membrane, middle ear or vocal chords

9 presarchal vertebrae but 8 in modern

no tadpole stage

few and large eggs

Question 4

there are no native u____ in nz. but there e_____ n__ is an inasive species

Answer 4

urodels e.g. salamanders and newts

european newt

Question 5

native nz frogs can be called g——— frogs

Answer 5

gondwanan

Question 6

describe the introduced frogs of new zealand

Answer 6

all from oz
have tympanum

ranoidea aurea - green gold bell frog north island

ranoidea - raniformis green southern bell frog wide spread

litoria ewingi - whistling tree frog south island north e.g. hamner springs

Question 7

what are the problems with coming onto land from the water

Answer 7

oxyegn - all bony fish had lungs
CO2 - concentration increases on land which effects blood ph
desication - less of a problem in a humid climate
air 800 times less dense than water gravity becomes a problem

temperture regulation , water has a higher specific heat capacity so the temperture in the air is less stable

Question 8

explain why the emergence onto land more likely occured from freshwater

Answer 8

seas or larger and are therefore more homogenous

evolution requires change to work

freshwater ponds are far more variable

Question 9

describe the alfred romer model - seasonal climate model of land emergencce

give its flaws

Answer 9

move out of the pond to search for another in hot conditoins

if a pond is drying up then it is unlikely that the fish could survive the parched land

Question 10

describe the pough or tropical rainforest model for emergence onto land

Answer 10

leaves fall into ponds in the rainforest which makes it far more anoxic

fish go to the shallower parts of the pond

pectoral fins allow standing

smaller fish chased into even shallower water

Question 11

give 6 potential lines of evidence for either side of rthe endo vs ecto dino debate

Answer 11

blood flow 
phylogentic analysis 
fossil evidence 
gigantothermy 
bone structure 
growth rates

Question 12

desccribe the argument that dinosaours were endotherc based on blood flow

Answer 12

the size of the nutruent foramen in the femur acts as a measure for blood flow

crocodiles and reptiles have far smaller than mammals

dinos were even larger than mammals - suggestive of a higher metabolism

Question 13

describe the dino bone stucture argument

Answer 13

lamellar zonal bone tissue in reptiles

• low density of vascual cannals
• low metabolism

fibro lamellar bone tissue more in mammals
- high density vascualr cannals
high metabolism

dinos bone structure very similar to mammals

Question 14

desribe the growth rate argument

Answer 14

use growth rings in bones, old bones are metabolised

growth rates are more similar to mammals much faster than modern crocodiles

Question 15

describe the phylogenetic analysis argument

Answer 15

not conclusive

sit between crorcdiles and birds corcs are ecto birds are endo

Question 16

describe two bits of fossil evidence for the endo ecto dino debate

Answer 16

CAT scans on dino brains
nasal turbinates increase surface area to humidify air associated with mammals
not present in dinos or were small
some mammals are also missing them

dino lungs are small and simple more like lepidosaurs
low sa to v indicative of a lower metabolism

Question 17

describe the gigantothermy argument in the endo ecto dino debate

Answer 17

could keep a higher body temperure due to having a very low sa to v
layers of fat insulte the body
could explain high body temp without the need for endothermy

Question 18

describe the arboreal model for flight evo

Answer 18

trees down

theropods lived by climbing and jumping

grasping toes and winged claws adaptive

elongated wings allow gliding e.g. flying squirrel

generate lift with flapping

Question 19

what is a flaw with the arboreal model

Answer 19

most theropods were terrestrial

Question 20

what is the cursorial model for flight

Answer 20

running after insects
exteneded forarms become adaptive to increase distance between leaps as well as feather elongatoin
provides friction to be able to move up slopes

Question 21

what is the evidence that most theropods were terrestrial

Answer 21

foot structure

modern terrestrial birds flap their wings to gain traction along the ground

Question 22

describe the argument of ontogeny reflecting phylogeny

Answer 22

quail chicks

as wing develops they were more able to run up slopes

Question 23

describe the evidence that cursorial model better fits the archeoptryx

Answer 23

first cusorial birds would have had weaker flight muscles e.g. the keel

this matches the evidence from archeoptryx

Question 24

describe three changes that caused differnces between chordates and vertebrates

Answer 24

movement to a more predatory lifestyle - bigger brain and better sense organs

larger size - more complex and specialised systems

increased activity - means organ systems needed to be faster

Question 25

describe differnces in the brain between amphioxus and a model primitaive vertebrate

Answer 25

head extends beyond tip of notochord
there is a skeletal support of the brain - cranium
tripartic brain - multicellular sense organs improve distance perception vs simple cerebral vesicle with no specialised sense organs, just some photo reception

lateral line systems to detect water moements

Question 26

describe differences between the pahrnyx and respiratoin

Answer 26

gill arches used for support and gills used for respiratoin not filter feeding

fewer gill slits with a far more complex structure

water moved over by acitve pumping of water over the gills rather than ciliary action

gills made of cartilage for elastic recoil rather than collagen

Question 27

describe differnces between feeding and digestion in amphioxus and primitive vert

Answer 27

musucalr movements for digestion through the gut
extra cellular digestion with enzymes as opposed to intracellular digestion
discrete liver and pancrease - midgut is homologus toboth in amphioxus

Question 28

describe differnces in excretion and osmoregualtion

Answer 28

kidenys use ultrafiltration
through cuts and to cloaca

as opposed to no kidney and cells emptying into the atrium than to outside world

body fluids are equal concentration with water in amphioxus

Question 29

describe differnces in the heart and circulation in amphioxus vs primitive model vertebrate

Answer 29

neural control of the heart - hormones
3 chambered heart - sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle vs no true heart
blood with haemoglobin involved in o2 and co2 movement and red blood cells
closed circultoy system

Question 30

describe differences in locomtion between amphioxus and primitive vertebrates

Answer 30

myomers - complex w shape enabling greater propulsion

both have just caudal find but vert has dermal fin rays to increase speed

Question 31

describe the evo devo hypothesis for bird feathers

Answer 31

feathers are new structures evolved independantly from scales

several stages to their development

1) unbrnached hollow tubular filament formed in a folice
2) subdivisions by barb ridges
3) rachis forms by fusion of barb ridgies
4) interlocking barbules form

evidence in the fossil record of this
beipraosauraus - single filaments
sinornihosauraus - downy pattern
protoarchaeopteryx - interlocking barbules

Question 32

what is the blitzreig hypothesis

Answer 32

human colonisation of the world 48,000 years ago was the cause of the quaternary mass extinction where we saw the loss of all megafauna

Question 33

describe the nesting behaviour of dinosaurs

Answer 33

fossil remains of eggs and nests
eggs in elaborate patterns which is suggestive of parental care
layered nesting sites which suggests there were traditional territories

psittacosauraus - sat on top of a brood
mariasauria - young in nest had worn teeth so had been brougt food

nests were 7 meters apart like gannets suggestes territoriality

Question 34

describe the scale to feather hypothesis for feather development and explain why it is unlikely give some evidence as well

Answer 34

elongated scales to reduce heat load
scale edge frays to provide a downy structure
lengthen for insulation
then co opted for flight

modern feathers are very similar to reptilian scales biochemically - 90% beta keratin
- scales still cover the feet on birds

but the first feathers were not pennaceous instead thet were filament like

Question 35

describe some avian features of the theropods

Answer 35

hollow bones
theropods had 3 fingers in one hand but contrevirial if the same, frame shift hypothesis suggests same mechanism involving hox genes some lost

semilunate carpal bone allows movement of the hand from side to side

Question 36

give three theropod dinosaurs and a feature that they sahre wit birds

Answer 36

Oviaprlorasaurs - pennaceous feathers on the forelimb
dromaeosaurus - unicate proccess
troodontidae - large orbits