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Year 2 Semester 1 > nz biodiversity > Flashcards

nz biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

more h——geneity means greater diveristy

A

heterogeneity

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2
Q

what percentage of plants are endemic in NZ

A

80%

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3
Q

why are mosses and ferns less endemic than grasses

A

mosses and ferns are much older groups
and they use spores
grasses 84% endemic
mosses 21% endemic

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4
Q

give some examples or missing plants in nz

A

cycads
horsetails
pine trees - introduced through forestry

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5
Q

give some animal groups that are missing in nz

A

snakes
turtles
maruspials
scorpians

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6
Q

describe the effect the break up of gondwana had on NZ

A

origin of zealandia - isolation of ancestral NZ landmass
- genetic isolation from australia populations become widely different over time
isolated from speceis radiations elsewhere

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7
Q

describe the oligocene drowning of nz

A

the continent of new zealand is largelry submerged in the oligocene
- coastal thining

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8
Q

give evidence for the oligocene drowning

A

marine fossils present on land

marine rocks found inland

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9
Q

give some evidence to suggest that the oligocene drowning wasnt that server

A

pollen grains found in pores in the ground - land plants must have been continuously living there

fossil record shows moa and tuatara

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10
Q

what effect did the oligocene drowning have on nz biota

A

sinking would have lead to reduced surface area and hence greater competition - island biogeogrpahy
smaller island has a reduced carrying capacity

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11
Q

what are the two ´types´os island new zealand could be

A

fragment island

darwinian island

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12
Q

desccribe the evidecne for nz being a fragment island what would this mean

A

ancient flora and fauna from gondwanan origin
ancient microcosm or moa ark

some plants and animals are most cloesly releated to gondwana species
e.g. beech in southern alps relatred to south america and pacific islands

a vicarainace hypothesis - barrier to gene flow

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13
Q

describe the evidence for nz being a darwininna island

A

phylogenetic studies and molecular clock find some groups arent that old

has never been connected to another island

everyhting must have arrived by dispersal

disperal is a rare event but over a large amount of time it is possible

would suggest largely submerged by the drowning

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14
Q

how do we have old lineages on nz if it was a fully submerged darwinian island

A

close relatives on fragments of gondwana dispersed back after the drowning

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15
Q

a fragment island suggest what about the oligocene drowning

A

it didnt happen

old lineages came from zealandia before it split offf then remained here ever since

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16
Q

a —– lineage can disconut vicariance but an —– lineage doesnt discount dispersal

A

young ç

old

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17
Q

new zeland is both a fragment and a darwinian island

A

some examples to young to be explained by gondwanan origin

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18
Q

after the oligocene drowning what was the next thing to happen in nz

A

miocene tectonic activity

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19
Q

which two plates does nz sit on

A

pacific and austrlian plate

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20
Q

volcanoes produce a ——– island

A

darwinian

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21
Q

describe how miocene tectonci activity could have saved organisms from the oligocene drowing

A

huge amount of tectonic uplift

- making mountins which without erosin could have been 16 to 18 km high

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22
Q

give general effects the miocene activity had on biodiveristy

A

creates an alpine climate and niches
soil is uplifted and brings nutreints avlaible
vicariance - isolates species

volcanoes produce new freshwater environments - e.g. lake taupo
also produce fertile soil but also could kill predators

increase heterogeneity which increase diveristy

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23
Q

give examples of speies that would not exist without the uplift caused by miocene tectonic activity

A

mount cook lilly and the kea

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24
Q

give examples of alpine habitats

A

alpine lakes
scree
tundra
snow covered

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25
Q

describe the effects of the miocene tectonic activity has on the climate

A

west coast is wetter

alps shaddow east coast from rain

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26
Q

desribe the knock on effect of the mountain uplift

A

no alluvial plains

- rivers wash down the silt from erosion which forms a flat aluvian plain

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27
Q

molecular clock studies on species radiations are correlated with ——

A

the geological data on the uplift of mountains

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28
Q

define phylogeography

A

evolutionary patterns based on the geography of the country

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29
Q

describe some common phylogeogrpahic patterns in nz

A

west and east coast split along the south island split by alps

north south island split

east and west split on the north island by mt taupo eruption

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30
Q

what happened after the miocene tectonic activity

A

post miocene climate change

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31
Q

when did ice ages occur in NZ

A

the pleistocene

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32
Q

describe the effects that the glaciation had on nz

A

formed and shaped land
lowered sea level which exposed more land
formed a land bridge between the islands

effected the distribution of species in NZ - reporductive isolation

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33
Q

why do more species survive the glaciations than in central europe

A

becuase there is a coast all around nz which acts as a temperture buffer

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34
Q

metrosiderous plants are —–

why do they have fewer haplotypes in the south island

A

plants that are not cold resistant

during glaciation only the haplotypes that could survuve in cold environments survived

survived in several regufia but then redistributed from one populatoin

glaciation occured to a lesser extent on the north isalnd

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35
Q

why is there a concntration of species diveristy along the top of the south island

A

moved north for warmth but could only get so far

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36
Q

why may glaciation cause hybridisation

A

pushed into refugia all co existing with species they might not have before. if they are similar then may hybridise

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37
Q

descrbie the beech gap

A

lots of beech on south and north of the south island but less in the middle

because this was the first area to be occupied after the glaciation where longer life trees grew

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38
Q

why does raoulia live in a large number of different environments up and down mountains

A

becuase it distributed down mountains in glacial period then when it got warmer back uop the mountain

lots of speciation and a great deal of new species up and dwon

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39
Q

after post miocene climate change what was the next major event to change nz

A

human arrival

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40
Q

describe the main impact o human arrivals

A

40% of forest burnt down on arrival in 1300 ad

indtroduction of non native species - kiore

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41
Q

what percentage of nz genera are endemic

A

13.3%

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42
Q

why is plant edemicity lower than animal endemicity

A

easier to disperse due to seeds - pollen can travel vey far

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43
Q

what are the threee largest plant families in NZ

A

daises - global
grasses
veronica

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44
Q

why does the genera vernonica have so many species in NZ

A

benefitted massively from mountian uplift wide range of diveristy and many niches

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45
Q

what are four ways of classifying a habitat

A

vegetation types
latitudinal zones
coastal inland gradients
altidunaial belts

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46
Q

give the 7 types of vegetation classification

A

conifer - broad leaved or mixed leaved forest, speceis compositiono, warm temperate areas, tall conifers e.g. totara, broad leaved evergreen trees

southern beech forest - colder and higher elevation than conifer
beech dominated

bush - small trees large shurbs, very heterogenous, often a successional stage

heath - climax veg type, infertile soils, high elevation
ericacae familiy

scrub or shurb land - a successional stage, matagouri

grassland - grasses and herbs. many types

wetlands - bogs etc, lots of mosses

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47
Q

what are the types of grassland

A

high elevation . snow tussocks
short tussok, lower and drier
coastal . maritime grasslands

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48
Q

what are the five latitudinal belts in and around nz describe those nz sits in

A

subtropical and far southern are not quite nz

northern, central and southern

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49
Q

why is there a coastal inland gradient

A

lower but more stable temperture closer to the sea
variation in humidity
dry vs wet
saline or not

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50
Q

describe altitudinal belts and how they interact with latitiudinal belts

A

correlated with temperture

  • streteched out from north to south
  • those further north will be in a lower altitudinal belt than those further south at the same altide
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51
Q

what are the 5 alpine belts and what species inhbait them

A

warm temprure belt - epiphytes and ferns

cool temperate mountains

subalpine - heath and beech forests

penalpine belt - o more trees, shurbs and hebe, small grasses and snow totora

alpine belt - vegetable sheep

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52
Q

give four general unusua features of nz plants

A

tend to be more white than violet and blue
simple shapes
absence of honey guides and lack specialised pollinators
less elabrate
no creative methods of pollination

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53
Q

give two exceptions to the ´normal nz plant rule´

A

thelymitria cyanea - swamp orchid - blue

ultricularia dichotoma - bladder wort purple with specific pollintor

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54
Q

what is the dominating pollinator for nz flowers

A

fly dominated

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55
Q

nz plants have high levels of d—–m . what is this and why

A

dioecism
male and female plants on differernt plants

reduces selfing but is suprising because it violates barkers rule - where dioecism is an unsuccsessful stategy for species colonising islands groups

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56
Q

give an example to show that nz species have high amounts of masting

A

southern rata and beech forests

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57
Q

what are the hypothesises for masting in NZ

A

more resourcces avaliable in some years

escape seed predation

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58
Q

describe divarication

A 
wide angled branches 
thin interwooven shoots 
small leaves 
hidden leaves 
forked branching in adult form of some species
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59
Q

what percentage of nz woody speceis are divaricating do they have a common ancestor

A

10%

no common ancestor - independant origin in 18 families

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60
Q

give examples of two heteroblasty plant species in NZ

A

different leaf shapes in juvelinle and adult forms

new zealand sapling
narrow leaved hourhe

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61
Q

what are three reasons for heterobasty and divarication

A

reducing wind and cold strees
- leaflessness outer branches protect inner branches from dessication

reducing radiation stress
- get to much sunlight in exposed areas, prevvent photoinhibition

moas ghost hypothesis

  • herbivrous virds
  • small leaves looks less attractive
  • emu and ostritch studies showed far less nutrients
  • have been found in teh stomach of moa
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62
Q

why are most nz species evergreen

A

nz biodiveristy has connections with warmer climates such as the tropics

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63
Q

what are the stages to the inasion process

A

introduction - transport to a new area, delibrate, accidental, or natural

establishment - germination and survival may not establish due to climate or ecology

naturalisation - can form a self sustaining population, doesnt

invasion - spread to natural habitats

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64
Q

what is bad about invasive plants

A 
hard to eradicate 
change the ecology 
changed structure 
dominant strands 
decline of endemic species
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65
Q

how do we know about invasive potential

A

simple and fleixble breeding systems
self pollinating vegetative reproduction
small seeds and short intervals between production
long flowering and fruiting periods
high seed output
effective dispersal over short ranges
rapid growth to reproductive age
large native range
release from natural predators and pathogens

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66
Q

describe how species that are unrelated to native speceis or the complete opposite can both be very likely to inade

A

closely related and will be able to share adaptations, i.e. share symbiotic fungi and hybridise

distant relationions and will find new niches - darwins naturalisation hypothesis - less competition

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67
Q

there are a lot of indicators to a species being inasive. why could this not be true

A

context is also nesacary

-e.g. inasion elsewhere

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68
Q

describe methods of tackling inasive speceis

A

ministry of primary industries
control of imports by travellers
destory or quarantine

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69
Q

what is the national pest accord

A

species you can sell or plant in nz

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70
Q

describe how control methods can be counter productive

A

ragwort fields - native to a lot of places with regular disturbance

spray ragwort with chemicals

disturbance the habitat providing space for new ragwort to grow

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71
Q

describe the hinewai reserve

A 
gorse over grow the area 
seeds wont germiante in low light 
native species need shade 
hugh wilson
over time the native species outgrew the goorse
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72
Q

give some general insect facts

A

97% of all animals
most specious of organisms
most diverse insects are coleoptra

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73
Q

what is the most abudant speceis on the planet

A

nematodes

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74
Q

give 3 missing or underrepresented orders of invertebrates

A

bees and wasp hymenoptera
standing water insects
coleoptra

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75
Q

describe an ancient species of nz invert

A

Velvet worm - onychophora, 4 endemic species, havent changed for 550 mya

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76
Q

how did island biogeography effected nz inverts

A

large and closer to mainland - more species on the island

would expect less diveristy of the isalnds

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77
Q

describe the nz batfly

A

found on the lesser short tailed bat
flightless
larvae on bat guano
not an ectoparasite like other members of the genus

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78
Q

out of the top 10 most threatened nz species and what are they

A

2
mokohinau stag bettle
- only ever seen 9 at once
- threatened by rats

cantebury knobbled weevil

  • less than 100 adults
  • live on spaniard and spear grass
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79
Q

desrcibe weka

A

widespread 150 mya now nz resrcited
70 species 16 at risk
tree giant ground cave
flightless and nocturnal

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80
Q

describe the solid energy land snail case study

A

solid energy have a mine near nelson
doc removed snails
found far more than predicted
when the mines were filled back in they weka saw a huge meal and decimated the population

81
Q

describe the beech scale insect and how it causes the black trees

A

a type of hemiptera
adapted to specific trees
feeds on sap and produces honey due
which supports the sooty mold fungus

82
Q

give causes of invert gigantism

A 
coevolution - predator prey e.g. cave spider vs cave weta 
lack of mammalian predators 
isolation 
reduced competition 
less vulnerable to scarce resources 
carnivores need large home ranges 
larger can defened territory better 
climate isnt very extreme
83
Q

give characters of a inasive species

A

wide environmental tolernces
reproductive fleixibility
lack of naturalisation or adapted predators or anti predator behaviour
competitive advantage

84
Q

describe the inavasion of the great white butterfly

A

common in asia and north africa
predicted to spread nz about 1995
2010 . arrived from austrlia

threat to brussel sprouts when arrived from oz in 2010

2 to 3 broods per year and spread randomy following the climate

larvae are voracious eaters,

public paid to bring catipllar bodies back to doc. 10$ per catipillar

85
Q

what speceis of bees and wasps does nz have

A

german - 1945, 1000 plus queens, aggressive predators

common - 1920s, preys on wide range of insects, feeds on honey dew rfom beech scale insect

86
Q

describe the white tailed spider

A

introduced from OZ
north island for 100 years
south island
130 cases of human health issues

87
Q

give some examples of aquatic weeds

A

monkey musk, water cress

88
Q

why are invasive macrophytes a problem

A

they can grow from a fragment so you cant remove very easily

89
Q

describe lagrioshon

A

a aquatic plant pest

  • taller tha native speceis
  • nz temperture and water quality in optimum range
90
Q

give some negative effects of inasive plants on freshwater ecosystems

A

blocks sedimental movement
causes deoxygenation,
cant hold phosphorus
alters communities

91
Q

give methods of controlling macrophytes

A

diggers on banks of rivers
floating lawnmowers
but spread the weed fragments

92
Q

describe blure green algae bloom

A

cyanobacteria

  • lake elsemere
  • lime green
  • neurotoxin in kaikoura lake
93
Q

describe rock snot

A

didymo

  • a large diatom
  • spread quickly by anglers
  • forms stalks
94
Q

desricribe the effect of didymo on invert communities

A

lowers the species diveristy significantly

95
Q

what is the name of the campaign against didymo

A

check clean and dry

96
Q

how can an invasive freshwater species invade

A 
delibrate intro
natura 
aquaria trade 
ballast water 
packaging 
inside another animal
97
Q

describe the effect pf the zebra muscle on the great lakes in amercia

A

filters water so has turned the water clear

- freshwater fish need to feed on plankton which are no longer present

98
Q

describe how a freshwater snail could be spread naturallt into nz

A

eatern bya migratory bird

- has an operculum which can close its shell

99
Q

why dont we want the marron cray fish in NZ

A

larger and more aggressive than native speceis

  • very difficult to eradicate
  • preys on koura
100
Q

describe the apparoach to marron crayfish in nz

A

unwanted organism biosecruity act

- kill on capture

101
Q

desccribe the risk to human health that invasive freshwater inverts pose

A

invasion of southern salt marsh mosquito - via retreateated car tyres from oz perfecr habitat for flies

with climate change flies from singapore or tonga might arrive which could cause dengue fever

102
Q

how many species of native fish does nz have

A

33 out of 59

103
Q

how do you identify a galaxidae

A

skin not scales
single dorsal fin that is very far back
found in forest streams

104
Q

describe the giant kokopu

A

large up to half a meter

- limited to the coast line

105
Q

describe the white bait species and problem

A

5 species, 3 endagered

whitebaiting - financial insentitive up to to 130$ per kilogram

106
Q

what is the argument against whitebaiting having a negative effect on white bait populations

A

species produce 1000s of eggs therfore already have a very high mortality , recruitment is very low

107
Q

nz native fish exhibit high —-

A

diadromy - migration from the sea

108
Q

give a bioindicator for galaxidae

A

freshwater muscles
seen only in 12 of 40 streams
76% of fish are endangered

109
Q

what are the four speceis of whitebait

A

kokopu - short jaw, giant and banded
koaro
inanga

110
Q

desribe the reproductive stragegy of the inanga

A

lays eggs on land
top edge of salt water wedge
saline part of the river

female waits for heavy rain rivevr rises and female lays eggs amongst terrestrial roots

fry emerge from eggs when the water level increases again

111
Q

describe the evidence to suggest the method of migration by whitebait species

A

inanga will go into rivers with chemical cues artifial from any of the white baits
koaro are only attracted to koaro

112
Q

describe how whitebait species bredding territories are being conserved

A

put cages around the areas where eggs are laid, prevents the trampling by cattle etc

113
Q

describe the eels in NZ

A

huge ginat eels
very long lived easily 60 years
- 3 nz speceis, long and short finned and spotted eel (spotted is from oz and in lake taranakii)

114
Q

are eels effected by tuna

A

the eel industry claims not because total eels numbers remain constant
however shortfinned eels are increasing whilt fishing is reducing the numbers of longfinned eels

115
Q

what is the rarest fish in new zealand

A

canterbury mudfish

116
Q

describe the galaxidae fetures

A

far back dorsal fin and skin instead of scales

117
Q

where are you likley to find the canterbury mudfish

A

smal isolated ponds and in mossy swamps

118
Q

how do we know where the mudfish would have lived previously

A

very few examples live in river systems

without human interfernce or introduced species

119
Q

give examples of fish that the cantebury mudfish wont live with

A

eels and trout / predators

upland bully - even though its smaller

120
Q

esccribe the population distribution of canterbury mudfish

A

metapopulations / a lot of different isolated populations

121
Q

why is the canterbury mudfish in decline

A

95% of wetlands in west canterbury have now gone

no national parks with mudfish habitats, all on private land

122
Q

give examples of introduced fish to nz

A

salmonids (salmon and trout)
carp
catfish
mosquito fish

123
Q

when were salmonids introduced to NZ

A

1867
- grown in wild stocked populations
/ 50 million eggs introduced

124
Q

why do salmon do well in nz

A

climate suits them
no predators other than some eels
high water quality

125
Q

what is the most common salmnoid, where are they?

A

brown trout
/ brought in by fish and game
in just about every stream or pond

126
Q

describe the effect of trout o native galaxidae fish

A

galxidae dont exist where large trout exist

because trout eat whitebait

127
Q

describe how galaxidae still survive in trout infested streams
what is the problem with this strategy

A

they will get on top of a water fall, the trout cant get there

but if there is high rain fall then they will be flushed back downstream

128
Q

describe the mosquito fish case study

A

from mexico where they are endangered

very common on the north island

reduce the number of mosquitos

but also attack other things eels by damagin the gills and fins

high envirnmental tolerance

129
Q

describe the method used to remove mosquito fish

A

drained a load of ponds

cost 26,000 dollars but only removed 26 fish

130
Q

describe the european carp in nz

A

introduced to eat plants and river weeds
- waikato river
- can produce 1.5 million eggs
- prefer native species
freshwater fisheries calls them a noxious fish

they are managed by attempts to eradicate,carp fishing compeitions

131
Q

define herpetofauna

A

reptiles and amphibians

132
Q

describe the herpetofauna of nz

A

only surviving rhynchocephalia i.e. the tuatara
largest assmbalage of live baring lizards
ancient leipelma frogs

133
Q

describe the regional diveristy of herpetofauna

A

warmer areas ahve more

northalnd has highest diveristy and endemicity

134
Q

describe how we know the amphibia of nz are not long distance dispersers and hence are gondwanan

A

darwin tried to float frog spawn in sea water

none survived

135
Q

frogs are k selected in nz what does this mean

A

describes their life histroy
- they are long lived, have small clutch sizes, and young take a long time to become mature

e.g. hochstetters have been known to live for 40 years

136
Q

describe the threats to native frogs

A

forest loss since they require mature forests
rat predation
disease caused by chytrid fungus which was spread with pregancy tests

137
Q

describe hamiltons frog on stephens island and maud island

A

170 survive in a single rock pit
was a pristine envinment but a light house was built
- created a new rockpit and put frogs in it

removed frogs to nukuwaita island

maud island had 19000 frogs in a small ish patch
- transloated to a second patch on motuara island

138
Q

name the new zealand reptiles

A 
tuatara 
geckos 
sinks 
turtles - vagrant species
marine snakes - also vagrant
139
Q

describe how reptile diversty can be described as both rich and depauperate

A

depauperate because no terrestrial snakes, amphisbaeians, only 2of 24 l lizard families crocodiles or turtles

but is rich
- very high endemism

140
Q

define an adaptive radiation give an example

A

a load of new speccies evolving from one ancestor that arrived in a new area
- many empty niches

hawiain honeycreepers - 50 plus species descended from sngle finch species

141
Q

give examples of convergence of nz birds with european birds

A

bark foraging insectivore
- rifleman vs northern hemisphere nuthatch

foliage gleaning insectivore
- grey warbler vs willow warbler

starle flycatcher
- fantail vs painted redstart in usa

142
Q

give examples of how nz birds occupy mammals elsewhere

A

nocturnal terrestrial insectovore
- kiwi and badger, both have a long beak or snout

vegetation browseres
- moa in nz or deer worldwide

ground living insectivores
- stephen island wren vs voles

143
Q

describe the effect reduced predation in nz has had on n bird species

A

led to k selected species

  • delayed maturation and low reproductive rate
    e. g. kakapo can live for 80 to 90 years
144
Q

compare clutch size in nz brown teal vs most ducks worldwide

A

6 eggs in nz

most ducks worldwide lay at least 12

145
Q

give the life history of the kakapo

A

lays 3 eggs in an 8 month breeding cycle every 3 to 5 years

first breeds at 7 years old and can live to well over 40

146
Q

describe how fantails break the normal rules of life history traits in NZ

A

lay 3 to 5 eggs
e to 5 broods per year
can breed at 9 months
and live for 3 years

147
Q

what are the reasons for k selection in nz

A

few terrestrial predators therefore vert stable habitats
populations reach carrying capacity
little space for young put premium on quality rather than quanitity

148
Q

describe the Nz robins on the mainland and motuara island

A

r selected on mainland and have a 50% survival

k selected on motuara island and annual survival is 80%

149
Q

describe basic flightlesness in n species

A

more flightless birds than any other landmass

evolved repeatedly via convergence

150
Q

describe the tameness of nz species

A

most native birds show little fear of mammals

  • evolved with few predators mostly avian
  • adapt to avian predation by being still on encounter
151
Q

describe the moa

A

9 speceis currently recognised
6 genera
2 families

coastal, bush forest
southern northen

small heads beaks and eyes
large olfactory lobes

divereged from other ratities - no trace of wing bones and sternum lacked a keel
- different species occupied different habitats but 3 or 6 were present all over nz

ate vegetation and fruit

k selected

  • 50 years
  • 10 years to maturity
  • nests built in rock shelters and in costal dunes
  • extreme reversed sexual dimorphism e.g. dinoris moa female was 240kg but males were only 34-85kg
152
Q

give facts about the kiwi

A

5 living species recognised

  • kiwi in eastern southern island now extinct
  • minute wings moa not closest relatives ubt elphant birds of madagascar
153
Q

decscribe the lack of gamebirds

A

new zealand quail the only example

154
Q

describe the diveristy of sea birds in nz

A

penguns 4 endemic out of 9
albatross - 11 species 7 endemic
peterls - 32 speccies 10 endemic

155
Q

what is the only nocturnal flight bird in NZ

A

1 extant owl the morepork

156
Q

describe the native wading birds

A

40 species most are northern hemishere migrants

nz snipe unique as it is highly terrestrial

157
Q

40 species most are northern hemishere migrants

nz snipe unique as it is highly terrestrial

A

the largest predatory bird ever

evolved from a australian little eagle

158
Q

how many speceis a parrot

A

9

159
Q

describe native passerines

A

43 prior to human arrival

15 now extinct

160
Q

desribe the bltzreig hypothesis

A
  • mass extinction caused by humans
  • most animals extinct within the last 100,000 years
  • america lost 75% of species

biased towards large animals humans to blame from hunting
carbon dating of moa bones suggests this was the cause of their extinction

161
Q

describe the effect of kiore rattus exulans on bird species

A

inasive species
opportunistic hunter
responsible for 10% of bird species on the planet going extinct

162
Q

describe the origin of tuatara in nz

A

were in nz before the break up with gondwana 80mya

- existed worldwide but died out eveywhere but nz

163
Q

describe the origin of skinks and geckos in nz

A

ecent colonisers from oz or new caledonia
both monoplyletic groups with closest relatives in new caledonia
also some evidence suggesting they have been here since gondwana and survived the oligocene drowning

164
Q

life history of tuatara

A

2 arches in diapsid skull
only squamate with this trate

k selected (extreme) 
- nest builders, which makes them very vulnerable to predation
165
Q

how do you differentiate between a gecko and a skink

A

geckos are have granular scales, large eyes, are vocal

skinks, have flat shiny scales small eyes and are les vocal

166
Q

describe how nz geckos are adapted to climbing.

A

have lamellae on toe pads comprised of hair like structures

hair like structures have van der waals forces with the substrate

167
Q

what is the largest nz gecko

A

kawekaweau was 37 cm single sample now in france

168
Q

what are the auses of extinction in NZ geckos and skinks

A

habitat destuction or fragmentation
local extinction
mammalian predators

169
Q

describe the conservation of gecko and skinks in situ

A

emove predators

secondary benfit from bird conservation

170
Q

describe native nz mammals

A

bats - 3 species
seals - 8 speceis 1 endemic
cetaceans - 35 species

171
Q

hy are mammals missing in NZ

A

nz split off from gondwana around 80 mya

mammals adaptive radiation occured 65mya

172
Q

give a list of introduced mammals to nz

A 
possums and wallabies 
hedgehogs 
rabbits
rats and mice 
cat dog and mustelids 
farm animals
173
Q

give reasons for the introduction of mammals to NZ

A 
agriculture 
sport 
accidental 
pets 
biological controls 
fur trade
174
Q

what were the 2 phases of mammalian introductions to nz

A

polynesian - kiore and kuri

european - 54 total 34 succsessful

175
Q

give examples of failed introductions

A

zebras

mongoose - to control snakes and rodents

176
Q

describe the bat diversity in nz

A

2 of 19 families represented in 3 species

long tailed - most common,
short tailed
and greater tailed

insectivorous
torpor
some lek mating (short and great)

177
Q

Describe the decline inn lesser short tailed bat

A

range has decreased massively

12.5 million to 50,000

178
Q

give benefits or reasons for inroduction

A

commercial value
recreational species e.g. game birds
companion - pets
asethetic - flowers

179
Q

give negatives of introduction

A

creates conservation problems
destroys crops
spreads tuberculosis

180
Q

describe the possum case study

A

first released in 1858 peaked in 1890

lucrative trade in possum skin

  • farmers complained about the crop damage
  • poaching prevenlent so possums were protcted

oz government said that there was nothinng wrong with them

by 1940s removed all protection in 50s and 60s had bounties on their head, but this caused problem of people introducing to get the boutnny m

181
Q

why wasnt ozzy info on possums vlaid for nz

A

completely different densites were far higher in nz (2-20 times) because of fewer predators, parsites and competitors

182
Q

describe the warning of invasive species to islands from guam

A

brown tree snake intro into 1940s

all birds disappered by 1980

183
Q

effect of rats on south cape island

A

ship rats invaded in 1964
wipped out nz snipe bush wren both greater and short tailed bats
saddlebacks to

184
Q

describe the risk of disease with increased introduction

A

malaria in hawaian birds

introduced mosquito to hawaii spreads malaria from introduced resitant birds to non resistant native birds

20 plus species extinct in 20 years

185
Q

describe the effect of dna hybridisation on native spcies

A

interbreeding beteen inasive and native speceis
loss of native species through genetic swamping e.g. native grey duck and introduced mallard
or the black stilt with the oz pied stilt

186
Q

describe the effect rat control can have on nesting succsess

A

20% succsess without rat control
to 67% sucsess after control measures
on kakeruri

187
Q

describe mysore thorn

A

climbing vine kills native speceis

destroys them before they can spawn

188
Q

how can you control hybridisation

A

how can you control hybridisation

189
Q

how can you control hybridisation

A

causes inbreeding and disease
inject robins with bean protein
- causes and tests the immune response by forming a ball where the injection was. the nz robbins on motuara island showed no response to the injection which is suggestive of a very low immune response

190
Q

what was the number of kakapo at their lowest

A

50

191
Q

even if populations that reach low numbers are later saved what is the problem

A

enetic bottlenecks and inbreeding depression
- lower survival
lower fecundity
and increased disease

192
Q

enetic bottlenecks and inbreeding depression
- lower survival
lower fecundity
and increased disease

A

by 2005 30% of nz robbin eggs failed to hatch on motorua island this was just 5% on teh mainland

193
Q

what number does a bottleneck start to have an effect on hatching rate

A

below 150 individuals

194
Q

describe the effects of bottlenecks on sperm function

A

sperm mortality increases with smaller bottlenecks

195
Q

escribe the effects of the periritelline membranes with gen bottlenecks

A

sperm present at fertilisation

  • cut yolk out
  • bottle necks led to abnormality in the sperm pores and mishaped eggs
196
Q

escribe the process of genetic rescue

A 
ocal switiching of indivuals 
has an effect on fitness traits 
- surival and recruitment increased 
- reduction in sperm abnormaility 
done in nz robbins

repeated tests 10 years later and the increase in genetic variatino has remained

197
Q

how many species aree at risk of extinctoin in nz

A

400

198
Q

how many national parks, conservtion sites and reserves does nz have

A

14 national parks
26 conservatoin site
2800 reserves
protects 32% of nz

199
Q

summarise lecture 24

A

ver 4000 threatened species in NZ

annual population growth is slowing

need to stablise population growth - average children per couple is now 2.4 world wide used to b 4.7

need to remove extreme poverty as poor people wont care about climate change

make conservation a moral issue

keep as much biodiversity through the bottleneck og next 30 to 50 years
then help regrow after with rewilding projects e.g. north east america re greended allready

Year 2 Semester 1 (6 decks)

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