nz biodiversity Flashcards
more h——geneity means greater diveristy
heterogeneity
what percentage of plants are endemic in NZ
80%
why are mosses and ferns less endemic than grasses
mosses and ferns are much older groups
and they use spores
grasses 84% endemic
mosses 21% endemic
give some examples or missing plants in nz
cycads
horsetails
pine trees - introduced through forestry
give some animal groups that are missing in nz
snakes
turtles
maruspials
scorpians
describe the effect the break up of gondwana had on NZ
origin of zealandia - isolation of ancestral NZ landmass
- genetic isolation from australia populations become widely different over time
isolated from speceis radiations elsewhere
describe the oligocene drowning of nz
the continent of new zealand is largelry submerged in the oligocene
- coastal thining
give evidence for the oligocene drowning
marine fossils present on land
marine rocks found inland
give some evidence to suggest that the oligocene drowning wasnt that server
pollen grains found in pores in the ground - land plants must have been continuously living there
fossil record shows moa and tuatara
what effect did the oligocene drowning have on nz biota
sinking would have lead to reduced surface area and hence greater competition - island biogeogrpahy
smaller island has a reduced carrying capacity
what are the two ´types´os island new zealand could be
fragment island
darwinian island
desccribe the evidecne for nz being a fragment island what would this mean
ancient flora and fauna from gondwanan origin
ancient microcosm or moa ark
some plants and animals are most cloesly releated to gondwana species
e.g. beech in southern alps relatred to south america and pacific islands
a vicarainace hypothesis - barrier to gene flow
describe the evidence for nz being a darwininna island
phylogenetic studies and molecular clock find some groups arent that old
has never been connected to another island
everyhting must have arrived by dispersal
disperal is a rare event but over a large amount of time it is possible
would suggest largely submerged by the drowning
how do we have old lineages on nz if it was a fully submerged darwinian island
close relatives on fragments of gondwana dispersed back after the drowning
a fragment island suggest what about the oligocene drowning
it didnt happen
old lineages came from zealandia before it split offf then remained here ever since
a —– lineage can disconut vicariance but an —– lineage doesnt discount dispersal
young ç
old
new zeland is both a fragment and a darwinian island
some examples to young to be explained by gondwanan origin
after the oligocene drowning what was the next thing to happen in nz
miocene tectonic activity
which two plates does nz sit on
pacific and austrlian plate
volcanoes produce a ——– island
darwinian
describe how miocene tectonci activity could have saved organisms from the oligocene drowing
huge amount of tectonic uplift
- making mountins which without erosin could have been 16 to 18 km high
give general effects the miocene activity had on biodiveristy
creates an alpine climate and niches
soil is uplifted and brings nutreints avlaible
vicariance - isolates species
volcanoes produce new freshwater environments - e.g. lake taupo
also produce fertile soil but also could kill predators
increase heterogeneity which increase diveristy
give examples of speies that would not exist without the uplift caused by miocene tectonic activity
mount cook lilly and the kea
give examples of alpine habitats
alpine lakes
scree
tundra
snow covered
describe the effects of the miocene tectonic activity has on the climate
west coast is wetter
alps shaddow east coast from rain
desribe the knock on effect of the mountain uplift
no alluvial plains
- rivers wash down the silt from erosion which forms a flat aluvian plain
molecular clock studies on species radiations are correlated with ——
the geological data on the uplift of mountains
define phylogeography
evolutionary patterns based on the geography of the country
describe some common phylogeogrpahic patterns in nz
west and east coast split along the south island split by alps
north south island split
east and west split on the north island by mt taupo eruption
what happened after the miocene tectonic activity
post miocene climate change
when did ice ages occur in NZ
the pleistocene
describe the effects that the glaciation had on nz
formed and shaped land
lowered sea level which exposed more land
formed a land bridge between the islands
effected the distribution of species in NZ - reporductive isolation
why do more species survive the glaciations than in central europe
becuase there is a coast all around nz which acts as a temperture buffer
metrosiderous plants are —–
why do they have fewer haplotypes in the south island
plants that are not cold resistant
during glaciation only the haplotypes that could survuve in cold environments survived
survived in several regufia but then redistributed from one populatoin
glaciation occured to a lesser extent on the north isalnd
why is there a concntration of species diveristy along the top of the south island
moved north for warmth but could only get so far
why may glaciation cause hybridisation
pushed into refugia all co existing with species they might not have before. if they are similar then may hybridise
descrbie the beech gap
lots of beech on south and north of the south island but less in the middle
because this was the first area to be occupied after the glaciation where longer life trees grew
why does raoulia live in a large number of different environments up and down mountains
becuase it distributed down mountains in glacial period then when it got warmer back uop the mountain
lots of speciation and a great deal of new species up and dwon
after post miocene climate change what was the next major event to change nz
human arrival
describe the main impact o human arrivals
40% of forest burnt down on arrival in 1300 ad
indtroduction of non native species - kiore
what percentage of nz genera are endemic
13.3%
why is plant edemicity lower than animal endemicity
easier to disperse due to seeds - pollen can travel vey far
what are the threee largest plant families in NZ
daises - global
grasses
veronica
why does the genera vernonica have so many species in NZ
benefitted massively from mountian uplift wide range of diveristy and many niches
what are four ways of classifying a habitat
vegetation types
latitudinal zones
coastal inland gradients
altidunaial belts
give the 7 types of vegetation classification
conifer - broad leaved or mixed leaved forest, speceis compositiono, warm temperate areas, tall conifers e.g. totara, broad leaved evergreen trees
southern beech forest - colder and higher elevation than conifer
beech dominated
bush - small trees large shurbs, very heterogenous, often a successional stage
heath - climax veg type, infertile soils, high elevation
ericacae familiy
scrub or shurb land - a successional stage, matagouri
grassland - grasses and herbs. many types
wetlands - bogs etc, lots of mosses
what are the types of grassland
high elevation . snow tussocks
short tussok, lower and drier
coastal . maritime grasslands
what are the five latitudinal belts in and around nz describe those nz sits in
subtropical and far southern are not quite nz
northern, central and southern
why is there a coastal inland gradient
lower but more stable temperture closer to the sea
variation in humidity
dry vs wet
saline or not
describe altitudinal belts and how they interact with latitiudinal belts
correlated with temperture
- streteched out from north to south
- those further north will be in a lower altitudinal belt than those further south at the same altide
what are the 5 alpine belts and what species inhbait them
warm temprure belt - epiphytes and ferns
cool temperate mountains
subalpine - heath and beech forests
penalpine belt - o more trees, shurbs and hebe, small grasses and snow totora
alpine belt - vegetable sheep
give four general unusua features of nz plants
tend to be more white than violet and blue
simple shapes
absence of honey guides and lack specialised pollinators
less elabrate
no creative methods of pollination
give two exceptions to the ´normal nz plant rule´
thelymitria cyanea - swamp orchid - blue
ultricularia dichotoma - bladder wort purple with specific pollintor
what is the dominating pollinator for nz flowers
fly dominated
nz plants have high levels of d—–m . what is this and why
dioecism
male and female plants on differernt plants
reduces selfing but is suprising because it violates barkers rule - where dioecism is an unsuccsessful stategy for species colonising islands groups
give an example to show that nz species have high amounts of masting
southern rata and beech forests
what are the hypothesises for masting in NZ
more resourcces avaliable in some years
escape seed predation
describe divarication
wide angled branches thin interwooven shoots small leaves hidden leaves forked branching in adult form of some species
what percentage of nz woody speceis are divaricating do they have a common ancestor
10%
no common ancestor - independant origin in 18 families
give examples of two heteroblasty plant species in NZ
different leaf shapes in juvelinle and adult forms
new zealand sapling
narrow leaved hourhe
what are three reasons for heterobasty and divarication
reducing wind and cold strees
- leaflessness outer branches protect inner branches from dessication
reducing radiation stress
- get to much sunlight in exposed areas, prevvent photoinhibition
moas ghost hypothesis
- herbivrous virds
- small leaves looks less attractive
- emu and ostritch studies showed far less nutrients
- have been found in teh stomach of moa
why are most nz species evergreen
nz biodiveristy has connections with warmer climates such as the tropics
what are the stages to the inasion process
introduction - transport to a new area, delibrate, accidental, or natural
establishment - germination and survival may not establish due to climate or ecology
naturalisation - can form a self sustaining population, doesnt
invasion - spread to natural habitats
what is bad about invasive plants
hard to eradicate change the ecology changed structure dominant strands decline of endemic species
how do we know about invasive potential
simple and fleixble breeding systems
self pollinating vegetative reproduction
small seeds and short intervals between production
long flowering and fruiting periods
high seed output
effective dispersal over short ranges
rapid growth to reproductive age
large native range
release from natural predators and pathogens
describe how species that are unrelated to native speceis or the complete opposite can both be very likely to inade
closely related and will be able to share adaptations, i.e. share symbiotic fungi and hybridise
distant relationions and will find new niches - darwins naturalisation hypothesis - less competition
there are a lot of indicators to a species being inasive. why could this not be true
context is also nesacary
-e.g. inasion elsewhere
describe methods of tackling inasive speceis
ministry of primary industries
control of imports by travellers
destory or quarantine
what is the national pest accord
species you can sell or plant in nz
describe how control methods can be counter productive
ragwort fields - native to a lot of places with regular disturbance
spray ragwort with chemicals
disturbance the habitat providing space for new ragwort to grow
describe the hinewai reserve
gorse over grow the area seeds wont germiante in low light native species need shade hugh wilson over time the native species outgrew the goorse
give some general insect facts
97% of all animals
most specious of organisms
most diverse insects are coleoptra
what is the most abudant speceis on the planet
nematodes
give 3 missing or underrepresented orders of invertebrates
bees and wasp hymenoptera
standing water insects
coleoptra
describe an ancient species of nz invert
Velvet worm - onychophora, 4 endemic species, havent changed for 550 mya
how did island biogeography effected nz inverts
large and closer to mainland - more species on the island
would expect less diveristy of the isalnds
describe the nz batfly
found on the lesser short tailed bat
flightless
larvae on bat guano
not an ectoparasite like other members of the genus
out of the top 10 most threatened nz species and what are they
2
mokohinau stag bettle
- only ever seen 9 at once
- threatened by rats
cantebury knobbled weevil
- less than 100 adults
- live on spaniard and spear grass
desrcibe weka
widespread 150 mya now nz resrcited
70 species 16 at risk
tree giant ground cave
flightless and nocturnal
describe the solid energy land snail case study
solid energy have a mine near nelson
doc removed snails
found far more than predicted
when the mines were filled back in they weka saw a huge meal and decimated the population
describe the beech scale insect and how it causes the black trees
a type of hemiptera
adapted to specific trees
feeds on sap and produces honey due
which supports the sooty mold fungus
give causes of invert gigantism
coevolution - predator prey e.g. cave spider vs cave weta lack of mammalian predators isolation reduced competition less vulnerable to scarce resources carnivores need large home ranges larger can defened territory better climate isnt very extreme
give characters of a inasive species
wide environmental tolernces
reproductive fleixibility
lack of naturalisation or adapted predators or anti predator behaviour
competitive advantage
describe the inavasion of the great white butterfly
common in asia and north africa
predicted to spread nz about 1995
2010 . arrived from austrlia
threat to brussel sprouts when arrived from oz in 2010
2 to 3 broods per year and spread randomy following the climate
larvae are voracious eaters,
public paid to bring catipllar bodies back to doc. 10$ per catipillar
what speceis of bees and wasps does nz have
german - 1945, 1000 plus queens, aggressive predators
common - 1920s, preys on wide range of insects, feeds on honey dew rfom beech scale insect
describe the white tailed spider
introduced from OZ
north island for 100 years
south island
130 cases of human health issues
give some examples of aquatic weeds
monkey musk, water cress
why are invasive macrophytes a problem
they can grow from a fragment so you cant remove very easily
describe lagrioshon
a aquatic plant pest
- taller tha native speceis
- nz temperture and water quality in optimum range
give some negative effects of inasive plants on freshwater ecosystems
blocks sedimental movement
causes deoxygenation,
cant hold phosphorus
alters communities
give methods of controlling macrophytes
diggers on banks of rivers
floating lawnmowers
but spread the weed fragments
describe blure green algae bloom
cyanobacteria
- lake elsemere
- lime green
- neurotoxin in kaikoura lake
describe rock snot
didymo
- a large diatom
- spread quickly by anglers
- forms stalks
desricribe the effect of didymo on invert communities
lowers the species diveristy significantly
what is the name of the campaign against didymo
check clean and dry
how can an invasive freshwater species invade
delibrate intro natura aquaria trade ballast water packaging inside another animal
describe the effect pf the zebra muscle on the great lakes in amercia
filters water so has turned the water clear
- freshwater fish need to feed on plankton which are no longer present
describe how a freshwater snail could be spread naturallt into nz
eatern bya migratory bird
- has an operculum which can close its shell
why dont we want the marron cray fish in NZ
larger and more aggressive than native speceis
- very difficult to eradicate
- preys on koura
describe the apparoach to marron crayfish in nz
unwanted organism biosecruity act
- kill on capture
desccribe the risk to human health that invasive freshwater inverts pose
invasion of southern salt marsh mosquito - via retreateated car tyres from oz perfecr habitat for flies
with climate change flies from singapore or tonga might arrive which could cause dengue fever
how many species of native fish does nz have
33 out of 59
how do you identify a galaxidae
skin not scales
single dorsal fin that is very far back
found in forest streams
describe the giant kokopu
large up to half a meter
- limited to the coast line
describe the white bait species and problem
5 species, 3 endagered
whitebaiting - financial insentitive up to to 130$ per kilogram
what is the argument against whitebaiting having a negative effect on white bait populations
species produce 1000s of eggs therfore already have a very high mortality , recruitment is very low
nz native fish exhibit high —-
diadromy - migration from the sea
give a bioindicator for galaxidae
freshwater muscles
seen only in 12 of 40 streams
76% of fish are endangered
what are the four speceis of whitebait
kokopu - short jaw, giant and banded
koaro
inanga
desribe the reproductive stragegy of the inanga
lays eggs on land
top edge of salt water wedge
saline part of the river
female waits for heavy rain rivevr rises and female lays eggs amongst terrestrial roots
fry emerge from eggs when the water level increases again
describe the evidence to suggest the method of migration by whitebait species
inanga will go into rivers with chemical cues artifial from any of the white baits
koaro are only attracted to koaro
describe how whitebait species bredding territories are being conserved
put cages around the areas where eggs are laid, prevents the trampling by cattle etc
describe the eels in NZ
huge ginat eels
very long lived easily 60 years
- 3 nz speceis, long and short finned and spotted eel (spotted is from oz and in lake taranakii)
are eels effected by tuna
the eel industry claims not because total eels numbers remain constant
however shortfinned eels are increasing whilt fishing is reducing the numbers of longfinned eels
what is the rarest fish in new zealand
canterbury mudfish
describe the galaxidae fetures
far back dorsal fin and skin instead of scales
where are you likley to find the canterbury mudfish
smal isolated ponds and in mossy swamps
how do we know where the mudfish would have lived previously
very few examples live in river systems
without human interfernce or introduced species
give examples of fish that the cantebury mudfish wont live with
eels and trout / predators
upland bully - even though its smaller
esccribe the population distribution of canterbury mudfish
metapopulations / a lot of different isolated populations
why is the canterbury mudfish in decline
95% of wetlands in west canterbury have now gone
no national parks with mudfish habitats, all on private land
give examples of introduced fish to nz
salmonids (salmon and trout)
carp
catfish
mosquito fish
when were salmonids introduced to NZ
1867
- grown in wild stocked populations
/ 50 million eggs introduced
why do salmon do well in nz
climate suits them
no predators other than some eels
high water quality
what is the most common salmnoid, where are they?
brown trout
/ brought in by fish and game
in just about every stream or pond
describe the effect of trout o native galaxidae fish
galxidae dont exist where large trout exist
because trout eat whitebait
describe how galaxidae still survive in trout infested streams
what is the problem with this strategy
they will get on top of a water fall, the trout cant get there
but if there is high rain fall then they will be flushed back downstream
describe the mosquito fish case study
from mexico where they are endangered
very common on the north island
reduce the number of mosquitos
but also attack other things eels by damagin the gills and fins
high envirnmental tolerance
describe the method used to remove mosquito fish
drained a load of ponds
cost 26,000 dollars but only removed 26 fish
describe the european carp in nz
introduced to eat plants and river weeds
- waikato river
- can produce 1.5 million eggs
- prefer native species
freshwater fisheries calls them a noxious fish
they are managed by attempts to eradicate,carp fishing compeitions
define herpetofauna
reptiles and amphibians
describe the herpetofauna of nz
only surviving rhynchocephalia i.e. the tuatara
largest assmbalage of live baring lizards
ancient leipelma frogs
describe the regional diveristy of herpetofauna
warmer areas ahve more
northalnd has highest diveristy and endemicity
describe how we know the amphibia of nz are not long distance dispersers and hence are gondwanan
darwin tried to float frog spawn in sea water
none survived
frogs are k selected in nz what does this mean
describes their life histroy
- they are long lived, have small clutch sizes, and young take a long time to become mature
e.g. hochstetters have been known to live for 40 years
describe the threats to native frogs
forest loss since they require mature forests
rat predation
disease caused by chytrid fungus which was spread with pregancy tests
describe hamiltons frog on stephens island and maud island
170 survive in a single rock pit
was a pristine envinment but a light house was built
- created a new rockpit and put frogs in it
removed frogs to nukuwaita island
maud island had 19000 frogs in a small ish patch
- transloated to a second patch on motuara island
name the new zealand reptiles
tuatara geckos sinks turtles - vagrant species marine snakes - also vagrant
describe how reptile diversty can be described as both rich and depauperate
depauperate because no terrestrial snakes, amphisbaeians, only 2of 24 l lizard families crocodiles or turtles
but is rich
- very high endemism
define an adaptive radiation give an example
a load of new speccies evolving from one ancestor that arrived in a new area
- many empty niches
hawiain honeycreepers - 50 plus species descended from sngle finch species
give examples of convergence of nz birds with european birds
bark foraging insectivore
- rifleman vs northern hemisphere nuthatch
foliage gleaning insectivore
- grey warbler vs willow warbler
starle flycatcher
- fantail vs painted redstart in usa
give examples of how nz birds occupy mammals elsewhere
nocturnal terrestrial insectovore
- kiwi and badger, both have a long beak or snout
vegetation browseres
- moa in nz or deer worldwide
ground living insectivores
- stephen island wren vs voles
describe the effect reduced predation in nz has had on n bird species
led to k selected species
- delayed maturation and low reproductive rate
e. g. kakapo can live for 80 to 90 years
compare clutch size in nz brown teal vs most ducks worldwide
6 eggs in nz
most ducks worldwide lay at least 12
give the life history of the kakapo
lays 3 eggs in an 8 month breeding cycle every 3 to 5 years
first breeds at 7 years old and can live to well over 40
describe how fantails break the normal rules of life history traits in NZ
lay 3 to 5 eggs
e to 5 broods per year
can breed at 9 months
and live for 3 years
what are the reasons for k selection in nz
few terrestrial predators therefore vert stable habitats
populations reach carrying capacity
little space for young put premium on quality rather than quanitity
describe the Nz robins on the mainland and motuara island
r selected on mainland and have a 50% survival
k selected on motuara island and annual survival is 80%
describe basic flightlesness in n species
more flightless birds than any other landmass
evolved repeatedly via convergence
describe the tameness of nz species
most native birds show little fear of mammals
- evolved with few predators mostly avian
- adapt to avian predation by being still on encounter
describe the moa
9 speceis currently recognised
6 genera
2 families
coastal, bush forest
southern northen
small heads beaks and eyes
large olfactory lobes
divereged from other ratities - no trace of wing bones and sternum lacked a keel
- different species occupied different habitats but 3 or 6 were present all over nz
ate vegetation and fruit
k selected
- 50 years
- 10 years to maturity
- nests built in rock shelters and in costal dunes
- extreme reversed sexual dimorphism e.g. dinoris moa female was 240kg but males were only 34-85kg
give facts about the kiwi
5 living species recognised
- kiwi in eastern southern island now extinct
- minute wings moa not closest relatives ubt elphant birds of madagascar
decscribe the lack of gamebirds
new zealand quail the only example
describe the diveristy of sea birds in nz
penguns 4 endemic out of 9
albatross - 11 species 7 endemic
peterls - 32 speccies 10 endemic
what is the only nocturnal flight bird in NZ
1 extant owl the morepork
describe the native wading birds
40 species most are northern hemishere migrants
nz snipe unique as it is highly terrestrial
40 species most are northern hemishere migrants
nz snipe unique as it is highly terrestrial
the largest predatory bird ever
evolved from a australian little eagle
how many speceis a parrot
9
describe native passerines
43 prior to human arrival
15 now extinct
desribe the bltzreig hypothesis
- mass extinction caused by humans
- most animals extinct within the last 100,000 years
- america lost 75% of species
biased towards large animals humans to blame from hunting
carbon dating of moa bones suggests this was the cause of their extinction
describe the effect of kiore rattus exulans on bird species
inasive species
opportunistic hunter
responsible for 10% of bird species on the planet going extinct
describe the origin of tuatara in nz
were in nz before the break up with gondwana 80mya
- existed worldwide but died out eveywhere but nz
describe the origin of skinks and geckos in nz
ecent colonisers from oz or new caledonia
both monoplyletic groups with closest relatives in new caledonia
also some evidence suggesting they have been here since gondwana and survived the oligocene drowning
life history of tuatara
2 arches in diapsid skull
only squamate with this trate
k selected (extreme) - nest builders, which makes them very vulnerable to predation
how do you differentiate between a gecko and a skink
geckos are have granular scales, large eyes, are vocal
skinks, have flat shiny scales small eyes and are les vocal
describe how nz geckos are adapted to climbing.
have lamellae on toe pads comprised of hair like structures
hair like structures have van der waals forces with the substrate
what is the largest nz gecko
kawekaweau was 37 cm single sample now in france
what are the auses of extinction in NZ geckos and skinks
habitat destuction or fragmentation
local extinction
mammalian predators
describe the conservation of gecko and skinks in situ
emove predators
secondary benfit from bird conservation
describe native nz mammals
bats - 3 species
seals - 8 speceis 1 endemic
cetaceans - 35 species
hy are mammals missing in NZ
nz split off from gondwana around 80 mya
mammals adaptive radiation occured 65mya
give a list of introduced mammals to nz
possums and wallabies hedgehogs rabbits rats and mice cat dog and mustelids farm animals
give reasons for the introduction of mammals to NZ
agriculture sport accidental pets biological controls fur trade
what were the 2 phases of mammalian introductions to nz
polynesian - kiore and kuri
european - 54 total 34 succsessful
give examples of failed introductions
zebras
mongoose - to control snakes and rodents
describe the bat diversity in nz
2 of 19 families represented in 3 species
long tailed - most common,
short tailed
and greater tailed
insectivorous
torpor
some lek mating (short and great)
Describe the decline inn lesser short tailed bat
range has decreased massively
12.5 million to 50,000
give benefits or reasons for inroduction
commercial value
recreational species e.g. game birds
companion - pets
asethetic - flowers
give negatives of introduction
creates conservation problems
destroys crops
spreads tuberculosis
describe the possum case study
first released in 1858 peaked in 1890
lucrative trade in possum skin
- farmers complained about the crop damage
- poaching prevenlent so possums were protcted
oz government said that there was nothinng wrong with them
by 1940s removed all protection in 50s and 60s had bounties on their head, but this caused problem of people introducing to get the boutnny m
why wasnt ozzy info on possums vlaid for nz
completely different densites were far higher in nz (2-20 times) because of fewer predators, parsites and competitors
describe the warning of invasive species to islands from guam
brown tree snake intro into 1940s
all birds disappered by 1980
effect of rats on south cape island
ship rats invaded in 1964
wipped out nz snipe bush wren both greater and short tailed bats
saddlebacks to
describe the risk of disease with increased introduction
malaria in hawaian birds
introduced mosquito to hawaii spreads malaria from introduced resitant birds to non resistant native birds
20 plus species extinct in 20 years
describe the effect of dna hybridisation on native spcies
interbreeding beteen inasive and native speceis
loss of native species through genetic swamping e.g. native grey duck and introduced mallard
or the black stilt with the oz pied stilt
describe the effect rat control can have on nesting succsess
20% succsess without rat control
to 67% sucsess after control measures
on kakeruri
describe mysore thorn
climbing vine kills native speceis
destroys them before they can spawn
how can you control hybridisation
how can you control hybridisation
how can you control hybridisation
causes inbreeding and disease
inject robins with bean protein
- causes and tests the immune response by forming a ball where the injection was. the nz robbins on motuara island showed no response to the injection which is suggestive of a very low immune response
what was the number of kakapo at their lowest
50
even if populations that reach low numbers are later saved what is the problem
enetic bottlenecks and inbreeding depression
- lower survival
lower fecundity
and increased disease
enetic bottlenecks and inbreeding depression
- lower survival
lower fecundity
and increased disease
by 2005 30% of nz robbin eggs failed to hatch on motorua island this was just 5% on teh mainland
what number does a bottleneck start to have an effect on hatching rate
below 150 individuals
describe the effects of bottlenecks on sperm function
sperm mortality increases with smaller bottlenecks
escribe the effects of the periritelline membranes with gen bottlenecks
sperm present at fertilisation
- cut yolk out
- bottle necks led to abnormality in the sperm pores and mishaped eggs
escribe the process of genetic rescue
ocal switiching of indivuals has an effect on fitness traits - surival and recruitment increased - reduction in sperm abnormaility done in nz robbins
repeated tests 10 years later and the increase in genetic variatino has remained
how many species aree at risk of extinctoin in nz
400
how many national parks, conservtion sites and reserves does nz have
14 national parks
26 conservatoin site
2800 reserves
protects 32% of nz
summarise lecture 24
ver 4000 threatened species in NZ
annual population growth is slowing
need to stablise population growth - average children per couple is now 2.4 world wide used to b 4.7
need to remove extreme poverty as poor people wont care about climate change
make conservation a moral issue
keep as much biodiversity through the bottleneck og next 30 to 50 years
then help regrow after with rewilding projects e.g. north east america re greended allready
