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Spinal Anatomy > Vertebral Column/Spinal Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column/Spinal Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

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2
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

A

26 segments

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3
Q

What constitutes the spine?

A

The 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

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4
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?

A

5 segments

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5
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?

A

4 segments

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6
Q

What does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

The region of the neck

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7
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?

A

7 segments

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8
Q

What does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

Breast plate or chest; it is referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

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9
Q

What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

The dorsal segments; the dorsals

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10
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?

A

12 segments

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11
Q

What does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

The loin; the region between the rib and the hip

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12
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?

A

5 segments

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13
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

The holy bone or holy region

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14
Q

What does the term coccyx refer to?

A

A cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak

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15
Q

Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?

A

The cervical region

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16
Q

What is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

About 70 centimeters of 28 inches

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17
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

About 60 centimeters or 25 inches

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18
Q

What is the difference in length between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

About 3 inches

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19
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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20
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

About 28 centimeters or 11 inches

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21
Q

What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?

A

About 18 centimeters or 7 inches

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22
Q

What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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23
Q

Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?

A

About 58 centimeters or 23 inches

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24
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?

A

The spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments

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25
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?

A

Ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs

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26
Q

What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?

A

The head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis

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27
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?

A

Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template

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28
Q

What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?

A

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

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29
Q

Distinguish between motion and locomotion.

A 
Motion= movement without travel
Locomotion= movement to a new site or location
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30
Q

What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?

A

Comparative anterior vs posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of the intervertebral disc

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31
Q

How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?

A

The peripheral nerve communicates with the central nervous system via the intervertebral foramen

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32
Q

What organ(s) is/are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?

A

The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

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33
Q

How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?

A

Integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera

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34
Q

When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?

A

Third week in utero

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35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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36
Q

Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

A

Notochord

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37
Q

What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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38
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?

A

Somites

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39
Q

Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somites…

A

Sclerotome, Myotome, and Dermatome

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40
Q

What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?

A

Sclerotome

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41
Q

List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development…

A

Membranous, Cartilaginous, Skeletal or Osseous

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42
Q

Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

A

The perichordal blastema

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43
Q

The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?

A

Neural processes and costal processes

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44
Q

What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastema?

A

Intersegmental artery

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45
Q

Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?

A

A loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite

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46
Q

What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

A

The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

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47
Q

The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?

A

The perichordal disc

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48
Q

The perichordal disc in the presumptive location of what adult feature?

A

The intervertebral disc

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49
Q

What is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

A

The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

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50
Q

The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?

A

The vertebral blastema

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51
Q

What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?

A

The segmental artery

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52
Q

When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?

A

Beginning in the sixth embryonic week

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53
Q

What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

A

Chondrification

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54
Q

Chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?

A

The cervical region

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55
Q

What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?

A

Centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center

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56
Q

How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

A

Six… Two for the centrum, Two for the neural arch, Two for each transverse process

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57
Q

What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebrae?

A

During the seventh embryonic week

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58
Q

Ossification beings in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?

A

The lower cervical-upper thoracic region

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59
Q

What is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth

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60
Q

What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

A

3 primary centers, 5 secondary centers

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61
Q

What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

A

Centrum centers and neural arch centers

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62
Q

How many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?

A

Three… One for the centrum, Two for the neural arches

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63
Q

What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?

A

Cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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64
Q

What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?

A

Neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis

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65
Q

What are the names of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

A

Tip of transverse process (X2), tip of spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers (X2)

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66
Q

How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?

A

Five… One for the tip of each transverse process, One for the tip of the spinous process, One for each epiphyseal plate

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67
Q

What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?

A

Tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, Tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and Epiphyseal ring synchondrosis

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68
Q

What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?

A

During puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old

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69
Q

What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?

A

The vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions

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70
Q

What is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?

A

The vertebral foramen

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71
Q

What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

A

Cervical- rectangular
Thoracic- triangular
Lumbar- rentiform

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72
Q

What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

A

Superior and Inferior Epiphyseal Rim

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73
Q

What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?

A

Superior and Inferior Epiphyseal Plate

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74
Q

What are the names of the opening found around the margins of the vertebral body?

A

Nutrient foramina or Vascular foramina

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75
Q

What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

A

Basivertebral venous foramen

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76
Q

What is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient or vascular foramen?

A

Osseous Artery

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77
Q

What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?

A

Basivertebral Vein

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78
Q

What is the semicircular region of bone attached to the back of the vertebral body called?

A

The vertebral arch

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79
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle

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80
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

Lamina

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81
Q

What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and the articular processes attach?

A

The lamina-pedicle junction

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82
Q

What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?

A

Superior vertebral notch/incisure

Inferior vertebral notch/incisure

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83
Q

What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

A

Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slightly lateral
Lumbar- posterior

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84
Q

All lamina are orientated in what direction?

A

Posterior and median

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85
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on an X-ray?

A

Shingling

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86
Q

What ligament will attach to the lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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87
Q

What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

A

Para-articular process

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88
Q

What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

A

Accessory bone

89
Q

What is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?

A

Cervicals- articular pillar

Thoracic and Lumbar- pars interarticularis

90
Q

What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?

A

The spinolaminar junction

91
Q

What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?

A

Apophyseal regions

92
Q

What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?

A

Transverse apophysis OR Transverse process
Articular apophysis OR Articular process
Spinous apophysis OR spinous process

93
Q

What is the generic orientation of the transverse process/apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral

94
Q

All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?

A

Costal element

95
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse process/apophysis?

A

Transverse tubercle

96
Q

What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter the initial direction in the cervical region?

A

Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position

97
Q

What will cause the transverse process/apophysis the alter the initial direction in the thoracic region?

A

The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward

98
Q

What will the articular process/apophysis support?

A

The articular facet

99
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?

A

The zygapophysis

100
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?

A

Superior articular facet

101
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular facet

102
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapophysis?

A

The superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis

103
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the back of the zygapophysis?

A

The inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post-zygapophysis

104
Q

In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the…

A

Pre-zygapophysis

105
Q

In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the…

A

Post-zygapophysis

106
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?

A

The superior articular process/apophysis

107
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?

A

The inferior articular process/apophysis

108
Q

What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/apophysis?

A

Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/apophysis and the horizontal plane

109
Q

**What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/apophyses as seen on X-ray?

A

Imbrication

110
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/apophysis?

A

Spinous tubercle

111
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process/apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

Cervicals- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle

112
Q

What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

The inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum

113
Q

What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

The inferior vertebral notch/incisure

114
Q

What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

The superior vertebral notch/incisure

115
Q

What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament

116
Q

What name is given to the opening located within the vertebral body-vertebral arch enclosure?

A

The vertebral foramen

117
Q

The union of all vertebral foramina forms an apparent vertical cylinder called the…

A

Vertebral canal or spinal canal

118
Q

What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until the level of L2?

A

The spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis, the proximal part of the peripheral nervous system, and the meninges

119
Q

What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?

A

Cervical- triangular
Thoracic- oval
Lumbar- triangular
Sacrum- triangular

120
Q

At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?

A

L1

121
Q

At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?

A

S2

122
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?

A

The vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery

123
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?

A

The deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery, and subcostal artery

124
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?

A

The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median (middle) sacral artery

125
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

A

The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median (middle) sacral artery

126
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum?

A

The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median (middle) sacral artery

127
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?

A

C1-C6

128
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?

A

C1-C6

129
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?

A

C7-T1

130
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?

A

T1 & T2

131
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?

A

T3-T11

132
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the subcostal artery?

A

T12

133
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?

A

L1-L4

134
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

135
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

136
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the lateral sacral artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

137
Q

What vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?

A

L5

138
Q

What are the segmental arteries for L5?

A

Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery, and lateral sacral artery

139
Q

Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?

A

Spinal artery

140
Q

Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?

A

Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery

141
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus

142
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus

143
Q

Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?

A

Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, and posterior medullary feeder artery

144
Q

Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?

A

Anterior radicular artery

145
Q

Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root, and nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular artery

146
Q

Which artery is now said to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery?

A

The radicular artery

147
Q

What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

A

Anterior spinal artery

148
Q

The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

The vertebral artery

149
Q

Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

NO

150
Q

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single, continuous vessel?

A

Anterior medullary feeder arteries

151
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

152
Q

What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

A

It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

153
Q

Is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

NO

154
Q

As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single, continuous artery?

A

Posterior medullary feeder arteries

155
Q

What forms the arterial vasa corona?

A

Anterior spinal arteries, posterior spinal arteries, and communicating arteries

156
Q

What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?

A

Intramedullary arteries

157
Q

What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?

A

Pial perforating arteries and central/ventral/sulcal perforating arteries

158
Q

What artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries?

A

The anterior spinal artery

159
Q

What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries

160
Q

What intramedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?

A

Pial perforating arteries

161
Q

What is the source for pial perforating arteries?

A

The pial plexus

162
Q

What arteries form the pial plexus?

A

The posterior spinal arteries and the communicating arteries

163
Q

What arteries are responsible for supplementing the arterial vasa corona along the cord?

A

Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders

164
Q

What vessels drain the spinal cord?

A

Pial veins

165
Q

What will pial veins drain into?

A

Venous vasa corona

166
Q

Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?

A

Anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, and communicating veins

167
Q

Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?

A

Anterior and posterior medullary veins

168
Q

Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?

A

Anterior radicular veins

169
Q

Which vessels will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve roots?

A

Posterior radicular veins

170
Q

What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular veins

171
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein

172
Q

What lumenal feature of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels may function like valves of typical veins?

A

Trabeculae

173
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

174
Q

What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?

A

Intervertebral veins

175
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

A

They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

176
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis)…

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

177
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each…

A

Dura mater- tough mother
Arachnoid mater- spider mother
Pia mater- tender or delicate mother

178
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?

A

Interstitial fluid

179
Q

What are the vascular contents of the epidural space?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery and plexus; anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus; basivertebral vein

180
Q

What are the neural contents of the epidural space?

A

Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve

181
Q

What ligaments are associated with the epidural space?

A

Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments; Ligamentum flavum; Posterior longitudinal ligament

182
Q

Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus; Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus; Basivertebral vein

183
Q

Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve

184
Q

Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament and Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

185
Q

Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus; Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

186
Q

Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve

187
Q

Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum; Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

188
Q

Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?

A

Subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

189
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus; Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus; Basivertebral vein; Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve; Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

190
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus; Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus; Ligamentum flavum; Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve; Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

191
Q

What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?

A

Serous fluid

192
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

193
Q

What ligaments may be present in the subarachnoid space?

A

Dentate/denticulate ligament

194
Q

What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

A

Dentate (denticulate) ligament

195
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

A

They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

196
Q

In horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be largest?

A

Transverse

197
Q

What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

A

C3-T1: The cervical enlargement;

T9-T12: The lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

198
Q

Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?

A

C6

199
Q

In which plane (or direction) will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C2 down to T1?

A

Midsagittal or anterior-posterior plane

200
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?

A

L1-S3 spinal nerves

201
Q

What is a generic cord level of origin - vertebral level comination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?

A

L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebrae; L3, L4 cor levels in T10 vertebrae; L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebrae; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebrae

202
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

203
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?

A

Typically S4, S5, and Co1

204
Q

In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?

A

L1

205
Q

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

A

Cauda equina

206
Q

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

A

Filum terminale internum

207
Q

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

A

Typically S2, the dural cul de sac

208
Q

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale internum?

A

Proximal part of the filum terminale internum

209
Q

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?

A

It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4

210
Q

What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale internum appear to innervate?

A

Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter

211
Q

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

A

Cruciate anastomosis

212
Q

What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

A

Coccygeal medullary vestige

213
Q

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

A

Filum terminale externum

214
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?

A

Tethered cord syndrome

215
Q

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

A

It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord caused by a tethered cord

216
Q

At the intervertebral foramen, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the cervical spine?

A

In the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 is the exception to this rule). C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3

217
Q

At the intervertebral foramen, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and sacrum?

A

In the thoracic and lumbar spine and for the sacrum, spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (Co1 nerve is the exception to this rule). T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6/T7

218
Q

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number, and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple, the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple.
i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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