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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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2
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyalurionic acid

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3
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type I

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4
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone matrix?

A

Calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

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5
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

Sodium, Magnesium, Flouride, Lead, Strontium, and Radium

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7
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

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8
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure, and to age

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9
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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10
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

From the second to third month in utero

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12
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

The skull

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13
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

Endochondral ossification

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14
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

From the second to fifth month in utero

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15
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

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16
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

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17
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

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18
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

Subchondral bone

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19
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

The periosteum

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20
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

The endosteum

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21
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A
  1. Sexual Dimorphism (gender variation)
  2. Ontogenetic Variation (growth or age variation)
  3. Geographic or Population-based Variation (ethnic variation)
  4. Idiosyncratic Variation (individual variation)
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22
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Sexual Dimorphism or genetic variation

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23
Q

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Ontogenetic Variation

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24
Q

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Geographic Variation or population-based variation

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25
Q

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

Idiosyncratic Variation

26
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Paranasal Sinus or Pneumatic bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
27
Q

Which classification of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones

28
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

It is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

29
Q

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

30
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

They are essentially cuboidal

31
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Most of the bones of the carpus (except the pisiform) and the tarsus

32
Q

What is the primary characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

The bone develops within a tendon

33
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella and pisiform

34
Q

Which classification of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

A

Flat bones, irregular bones, and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

35
Q

What are flat bones?

A

A thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

36
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

The parietal bone and sternum

37
Q

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

A

Numerous projections or irregular outlines

38
Q

What are examples of irregular bone?

A

The vertebrae and innominate bones

39
Q

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

A

Air spaces within the bone

40
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

41
Q

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid

42
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

A

Accessory and heterotopic bone

43
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

Accessory bone

44
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

Para-articular processes and bone spurs of vertebrae

45
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

Heterotopic bone

46
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

47
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A
  1. Elevations
  2. Depressions
  3. Tunnels or passageways
  4. Facets
48
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

During and after puberty

49
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A
  1. Linear
  2. Rounded
  3. Sharp
50
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevations?

A

The line, ridge, and crest

51
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

52
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

Spine and Process

53
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

Linear and rounded depressions

54
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

Notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

55
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

The fovea and fossa

56
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of the bone?

A

Ostium or orifice and hiatus

57
Q

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

A

A round or oval opening on the surface of bone

58
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

An irregular opening on the surface of bone

59
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

Foramen or canal

60
Q

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

Meatus

61
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

Flat facets and rounded facets

62
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

Articular heads and articular condyles

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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