vertebral column part 2 ex. 1 QQ

Question 1

what are the 3 layers of the embryo called?

Answer 1

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 2

invagination of the ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

Answer 2

notochord

Question 3

what is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?

Answer 3

paraxial mesoderm

Question 4

what does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?

Answer 4

somites

Question 5

name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite

Answer 5

sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

Question 6

what part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?

Answer 6

sclerotome

Question 7

list in order the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development

Answer 7

membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous

Question 8

migration of the sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

Answer 8

perichordal blastema

Question 9

the perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?

Answer 9

neural processes and costal processes

Question 10

what is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?

Answer 10

intersegmental artery

Question 11

cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?

Answer 11

a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite

Question 12

what forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

Answer 12

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner)

Question 13

what is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

Answer 13

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner)

Question 14

the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?

Answer 14

the vertebral blastema

Question 15

what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?

Answer 15

the segmental artery

Question 16

what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

Answer 16

chondrification

Question 17

chondrification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?

Answer 17

the cervical region

Question 18

what are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?

Answer 18

centrum center
neural arch center
transverse process center

Question 19

how many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

Answer 19

6- 2 for centrum, 2 for neural arch, 2 for transverse process

Question 20

what is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?

Answer 20

during the 7th week

Question 21

what is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for the typical vertebra?

Answer 21

3 primary, 5 secondary

Question 22

what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

Answer 22

centrum centers and neural arch centers

Question 23

what is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?

Answer 23

cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

Question 24

what are the names of synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?

Answer 24

neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis

Question 25

what are the names of the 5 secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

Answer 25

tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers

Question 26

how many secondary ossification centers appear in the typical vertebra?

Answer 26

5; 1 for tip of transverse, 1 tip of spinous process, 1 each epiphyseal plate

Question 27

what is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 27

cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

Question 28

what are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?

Answer 28

tip of transverse process synchondrosis tip of spinous process synchondrosis epiphyseal ring synchondrosis

Question 29

what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?

Answer 29

during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old

Question 30

what are the 3 basic osseous parts of a vertebra?

Answer 30

vertebral body vertebral arch apophyseal regions

Question 31

what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

Answer 31

cervical- rectangular thoracic- triangular lumbar- reniform

Question 32

what is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

Answer 32

superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim

Question 33

what is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?

Answer 33

superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate

Question 34

what are the names of the opening found around the margins of the vertebral body?

Answer 34

nutrient foramina or vascular foramina

Question 35

what large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

Answer 35

the basivertebral venous foramen

Question 36

what is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?

Answer 36

superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure; | inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

Question 37

what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

Answer 37

cervical- posterolateral thoracic- posterior, slight lateral lumbar- posterior