Vertebral Column, Osteology & Myology Flashcards
CDC 2017
1/4 adults experience a fall
1/5 falls result in serious injury/hospitalization
$50 billion in medical expense
axial skeleton
central axis of the body
bones of the head, vetebral column, thorax
appendicular skeleton
bones of the UE and LE
including pectoral and pelvic girdles
spinal column
7 cervical (lordosis)
12 thoracic (kyphosis)
5 lumbar (lordosis)
3-5 coccygeal (kyphosis)
convexity
primary curvature
during fetal development, primary curvature have posterior convexity
secondary curvature
curvature and C and L regoings change with infant development
Indepedent head control
3-6 month
C anterior convexity develops
independent sitting
1 year of age
Lumbar develop anterior convexity
Common to all vertebra
Vertberal Body
Vertebral arch: pedicles, lamina, superior vertebral notch, inferior verterbral notch, intervertebral foramen
Vertebral Foramen (canal)
Vertebral processes: superior articular processes and facets, inferior articular processes and facets, transverse processes, spinous processes.
Cervical vertebra
Transverse Foramina
Bifid spinous process (except C1 and C7)
superior and articular facets in transverse plane
C1 (Atlas)
no body, no spinous process
anterior arch and tubercle
posterior arch and tubercle
lateral masses with facets
C2 (Axis)
Dens (odontoid process)
The joint where axis and atlas meet is called the Atlanto-axial joint, and is a pivot joint with 1 df, uniaxial movement.
C7
Long bifid spinous process (aka, vertebral prominence)
Thoracic vertebra
Heart-shaped body
Small, circular vertebral foramen
Long, sloping spinous process
long transverse process
No transverse foramina
Superior and inferior costal facets (2 each, articulate with ribs)
Large Kidney shaped body
triangular vertebral foramen
short/stout spinous process
Note, differences between each
Cspine: long bifid spinous process, tranverse foramen
Tspine: superior and inferior costal facets
Lspine: Super fat body
Promontory
Sacral Canal
Pelvic (anterior foramen), Dorsal (posterior) foramen
Auricular surface (articulates with ilium)
External occipital protuberance
Superior Nuchal line
foramen magnum
occipital condyles
Mastoid process
Biaxial, condyloid joint
joint between occipital condyles and the superior facets on the lateral masses of C1
allows FLX/EXT & Lateral FLX
Uniaxial, pivot
between vertebral foramen C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) via the odontoid process
Cervical Rotation
synovial, Multi-axial, planar
between the inferior articular process of the moresuperior vert. and the facet of the superior articular process of the more inferior vertebra
FLX/EXT, lateral FLX, ROT
Joint between the bodies of vertebra, non synovial (space where discs are)
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamenta Flava
Supraspinous Ligament
Thickest in Lumbar spine
runs between occipital bone and sacrum
anterior to verterbal body
limits spinal hyperextension
Thickest in Lumbar
between axis and sacrum
posterior to vertebral body
limits spinal flexion
“yellow ligaments”
thickest in lumbar region
posterior to vertebral canal
connects laminae
most elastic
limits spinal flexion
fibrocartilagenous, cushion between vertebral bodies
secured by AL and PL
elastic = spinal flexibility
nucleus pulposus
soft, gel like substance
anulus fibrosus
ring shaped, fibrous connective tissue
Posture
“an alignment of body segments, a position of atttude of the body, the relative arrangement of body parts for a specific activity, or a characteristic manner of bearing one’s body”
how one stands, sits and moves
transitioning from supine to sitting, standing and walking
climbing steps, inserting foot into pant leg, stepping into shower, reaching into cupboads, driving
Vertebral Column Stability Factors
Vertebral column flexibilty factors
Core Stability: proximal stability for distal mobility
“ability to control the position and motion of the trunk over the pelvis to allow optimum production, transer and control of force and motion to the terminal segment in integrated activies”
Proximal stabilization within BOS allows for better stabilty along the kinetic chain, when movement produces change in COG
Osteoporosis
Low density of trabecular bone
5.1% of men 24.5% of women over 65
causes compression fractures, falls,
Pathologic Kyphosis
Most common osteoarthritic fracture, occurs in the anterior portion of the vertebral body
T7-T8
COM shifts anteior, postural strategies used to fix “feeling like falling backward”
compensation: hyperextension C spine, posterior lean
Contribute to falls more than age
Fixed Support
Change in Support
ankle strategy (Dorsi, plantar flx)
hip strategy (FLX/ EXT)
increasing BOS with environmental modifications, reaching strategies
OT Assesment Kyphosis
Up and Go test (timed
Reach test (UE reaching exam to see how functional activities are imparied)
Postural strategies used? Hip/Ankle & change in support
C-Spine Degrees of Motion
FLX / EXT: 120-130 deg
LAT FLX: 25-40 deg
ROT: 65-75 deg
T-Spine Degrees of Motion
FLX/EXT: 50-65 deg
LAT FLX: 30-35 deg
ROT: 25-30 deg
L-Spine Degrees of Motion
FLX/EXT: 55-70 deg
LAT FLX: 20 deg
ROT: 5-7 deg
