Muscles, Nerves & Movement of Neck & Trunk

Question 1

Answer 1

Sternocleidomastoid, Anterior Lateral Neck

Proximal: manubrium sternum, medial clavicle

Distal: mastoid process & superior nuchal line

Bilat: C-spine flexion

Unilat: C-spine ipsilateral lateral flexion, C-spine contralateral rotation

Question 2

Answer 2

Scalenus group: anterior, medius, posterior

Anterior Lateral Neck

proximal: transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebra
distal: 1st and 2nd ribs

C-spine ipsilateral lateral flexion, no rot, elevates 1st and 2nd ribs (inhalation)

innervation: C3-C8

Question 3

Answer 3

Trapezius: Posterior Neck & Back

Extrinsic

Proximal: superior nuchal line, external occipital proterberance, spinous processes C7-T12 vertebrae

Distal: lateral clavicle, acromion process of scapula, spine of scapula

Scapular elevation, retraction, upward rotation

upper fibers: C-spine contralateral rotation

Lower fibers: scapular depression

innervation: spinal accessory n [CN XI]

Question 4

Answer 4

Latissimus Dorsi: Posterior Neck and Back

Extrinsic

Proximal: spinous processes T7-L5 vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower ribs

Distal: intertubercular groove of humerus

humeral EXT/IR

when pelvis is fixed: T and L sprine ipsilateral ROT

Innervation: thoracodorsal n. [C6-C8]

Question 5

Answer 5

Splenius Capitis: Intrinsic Post. Neck and Back

Proximal: spinous processes of C7-T4vertebrae

Distal: mastoid process & superior nuchal line

Bilateral: C-spine EXT

Unilateral: C-spine ipsilateral lat flexion, ipsilateral ROT

Innervation: C3-C5

Question 6

Answer 6

Splenius Cervicis: Intrinsic Post Neck and Back

Proximal: spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae

Distal: transverse processes of C1-C3

Bilateral: C-spine EXT

Unilateral: C-spine ipsilateral lateral flexion, ipsilateral ROT

Innervation: C5-C7

Question 7

Answer 7

Erectror Spinae Group:

Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis

Proximal: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lower lumber and sacral vertebrae

Distal: spinous and transverse processes of C and T vertebrae

Bilateral: Spinal EXT

Unilat: Lateral Trunk FLX, no sig impact ROT

Innervation: spinal nerves for each spinal group

Answer 8

External Oblique: Anterolateral Wall

Prox: 5th-12th ribs

Distal: linea alba, pubis, iliac crest

Bilateral contraction: lumbar FLX

Unilateral: Lumbar contralateral ROT

Innervation: T7-T12

Question 9

Answer 9

Internal Oblique: Anterolateral wall

Proximal: anterior iliac crest

Distal: linea alba, 10-12th ribs, pubis

Bilateral contraction: lumbar flexion

unilateral: ipsilateral lumbar rotation

Innervation: T6-L1

Question 10

Answer 10

Rectus Abdomonis : Anterolateral Wall

Proximal: pubic symphysis, pubic crest

Distal: xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilage 5-7

lumbar FLX

Innervation: T6-T12

Question 11

Answer 11

Transverse Abdominis: Anterolateral Wall

Proximal: costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest

Distal: linea alba, pubic crest

Visceral compression

innervation: T6-L1

Question 12

Answer 12

Psoas Major: Posteral Wall

Proximal: tranverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Distal: lesser trochanter of femur

Trunk stable: Pelvifemoral FLX

Prox LE stable: Lumbar FLX, Pelvifemoral FLX

Innervation: L1-L3

Question 13

Answer 13

Quadratus Lumborum: Posterior Wall

Proximal: 12th rib, transverse processes T12-L5 vertebra

Distal: iliac crest

Bilateral: trunk EXT

Unilateral: Ipsilateral LAT FLX

innervation: T12-L4

Question 14

V-Formation

Answer 14

a muscle whose inferior attachment is medial to its superior attachment

anterolateral muscle grou: rotates neck to opposite side

posterior group: rotates to same side

Question 15

Inverted V Formation

Answer 15

a muscle whose inferior attachment is lateral to its superior attachment.

bilateral: EXT

unilateral: lateral FLX

anterolateral, ipsilateral rot

posterior group: contralateral ROT

Question 16

Peripheral Nerves

Answer 16

begin medially at the spinal cord and exit the vertebral foramen laterally through the intervertebral foramen.

Dorsal root: carries afferent (sensory) fibers to CNS

Ventral root: containes efferent (motor) fibers away from CNS

Spinal root: contains both afferent and efferent fibers

Question 17

Spinal Cord: Actions and Clinical Implications

Answer 17

Presents as BILATERAL loss of SENSORY AND MOTOR

circumferentially at every level caudal

Question 18

Dorsal Spinal Root: Actions and Implication

Answer 18

results in ipsilateral loss, sensory in the anterolateral and posterior compartments. potential to damage UE, LE, depending upon spinal segment.

Question 19

Ventral Spinal Root: Actions and Implications

Answer 19

results in ipsilateral loss of motor actions in the anterolater and posterior compartments, may affect UE/ LE based upon spinal segment.

Question 20

Spinal Nerve: Actions and Implications

Answer 20

results in ipsilateral loss of sensory and motor in both anterolateral and posterior compartments, potential damage to UE/ LE dependent upon spinal segment.

Question 21

Dorsal Primary Ramus: Actions and Implications

Answer 21

Ipsilateral loss of sensory and motor function on the posterior compartments of neck and trunk.

Question 22

Ventral Primary Ramus: Actions and Implications

Answer 22

results in ipsilateral loss of sensory and motor in the anterolateral neck and trunk, potential UE/LE damage, only at the level of spinal segment.

Question 23

Cranial Nerves

Answer 23

exit the vertebral column via intervertebral foramina

ABOVE the vertebral segement

C1-C8

Question 24

Thoracic Nerves, Lumbar Nerves, Sacral Nerves

Answer 24

exit via the intervertebral foramina

BELOW the vertebral segment

T1-T12

L1-L5

S1-S5

Question 25

Somatosensory receptors

Answer 25

each spinal nerve contains somatosensory receptors mapped throughout the body in a highly organized manner.

Stimulation from a specific area of the body runs along it’s peripheral nerve to the spinal nerve, where it enters the spinal cord at the spinal segment

Question 26

Answer 26

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.Each of these spinal nerves relay sensation from a particular region of the skin to the brain.

Can determine sensory and motor functions of specific nerves

Question 27

paraplegia

Answer 27

motor and sensory impairments at the T, L and S level of spinal cord.

usually results in UE function, depending on level of impairment.

Question 28

Tetraplegia

Answer 28

Tetraplegia (sometimes referred to as quadriplegia) is a term used to describe the inability to voluntarily move the upper and lower parts of the body

Question 29

hemiplegia

Answer 29

paralysis of one side of the body

Question 30

NLI (Neurological Level of Injury)

Answer 30

classified according to the lowest segment of the spinal cord at which:

demonstrates functional s_trength to move joint through full ROM against gravity_

sensation is intact at the level of the dermatome.

Injury to T9 vertebrae will preserve T9 nerve, but damage T10. NLI of injury: T9 paraplegia resulting in UE function, compromised core stabilty (posture, control) and compromised LE function.