Vertebral Column/Back/Shoulder Flashcards
Functions of vertebral column
protection
support of body weight (superior to pelvis)
axis for body and head
posture and locomotion
movements of vertebral column
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
kyphotic regions
thoracic and sacral
lordotic regions
cervical and lumbar
primary curvatures
thoracic and sacral
secondary curvatures
cervical and sacral
vertebral arch composed of
two pedicles and laminae
vertebral foramen formed by
vertebral arch and body
vertebral canal formed by
successive foramina from stacked vertebrae
intervertebral foramina formed by
super and inferior vertebral notches (spinal nerves pass through)
bifid configuration in all cervical vertebrae expect
C1 and C7
transverse costal facet articulates with
costal tubercle
coastal demifacets articulate with
coastal head
purpose of accessory process on lumbar vertebrae
deep back muscle attachment
L1 is level with
9th rib
attachments of nuchal ligment
external occipital tuberance
foramen magnum
spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
purpose of nuchal ligament
accommodates depth of cervical spinous processes
provides attachment point for muscles that attach to spinous processes
supraspinous ligament
attaches spinous processes of c7 to sacrum
merges with nuchal ligament
ventral horn fibers
anterior and motor
dorsal horn fibers
posterior and sensory
carries pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers from lateral horn
ventral horn
spinal nerve formed by
union of ventral and dorsal roots
spinal nerve gives rise to
dorsal and ventral rami
ventral ramus gives rise to
white and gray rami communicates
carries pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers to sympathetic trunk via
white rami
ramus that is typically larger
ventral ramus
ramus that helps form plexuses
ventral ramus
ramus that goes posteriorly
dorsal ramus
what does dorsal ramus supply
vertebral column
joints of vc
intrinsic back muscles
suboccipital triangle
sensory to posterior trunk and scalp
lordosis caused by
weakened trunk musculature
obesity
pregnancy
kyphosis causes
erosion of anterior parts of vertebrae (osteoporosis)
affects of kyphosis
loss of height
hunchback
limits thoracic capacity
spinous process rotation in scoliosis
SPs rotate toward cavity of abnormal curvature
ribs in scoliosis
protrude on side of increased convexity
function of extrinsic back muscles
control limbs and minimal respiratory movements
intrinsic back muscles function
act on vertebral column
superficial back muscles include
trapezius, lattisimus dorsi, rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae
3 parts of trapezius
upper- descending from skull
middle -horizontal
lower - ascending from vertebral column
actions of trapezius on scapula
Retraction
Upward rotation
Depression
Elevation
innervation of trapezius
spinal accessory n. (CN X1)
actions of latissimus dorsi on humerus
medial rotation
extension
adduction
“swimmers muscle”
latissimus dorsi
innervation of latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal n.
location of levator scapulae
deep to traps
attach at superior angle of scapula
actions of levator scapulae
elevation of scapula
stabilization of scapula
innervation of levator scapulae
dorsal scapular n
rhomboid major location
deep to traps
inferior to rhomboid minor
actions of rhomboid major on scapula
Retraction
Elevation
Downward rotation
innervation of rhomboid major
dorsal scapular n.
rhomboid minor location
deep to traps
superior to rhomboid major
rhomboid minor actions (on scapula)
Retraction
Elevation
Downward rotation
innervation of rhomboid minor
dorsal scapular n.
muscles innervated by dorsal scapular nerve
levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
intermediate extrinsic back muscles
serratus posterior superior (deep to rhomboids)
serratus posterior inferior (deep to lats)
actions of intermediate extrinsic back muscles
superficial respiratory muscles
keep errectors in place
proprioceptive (sense body movements)
general innervation of intermediate extrinsic back muscles
ventral rami (intercostal nn.)
borders of triangle of auscultation
medial border of scapula
latissimus dorsi
trapezius
clinical importance of triangle of auscultation
good area to hear lung sounds
best position of triangle of auscultation
protract and flex trunk
which parts of traps m. upwardly rotate the scapula
upper and middle parts
which muscles retract the scapula
traps and rhomboids
origin of transverse cervical artery
thyrocervical trunk
nerve that transverse cervical artery a. runs with
spinal accessory (CN X1)
origin of dorsal scapular artery
subclavian a.
nerve that dorsal scapular artery runs with
dorsal scapular nerve
origin of thoracodorsal a.
subscapular a.
thoracodorsal a runs with what nerve?
thoracodorsal n.
origin of vertebral a.
subclavian a.
path of vertebral a.
enters at c6, up through transverse foramina, exits at c1
in suboccipital triangle
vertebral a. supplies
structures in suboccipital region
one of major blood supply for brain
thoracodorsal n. origin
posterior cord, brachial plexus
dorsal scapular n origin
c5 root, brachial plexus
function of rotator cuff mm.
reinforce joint
function of glenoid labrum
deepens glennoid fossa
weakness of glenohumeral joint
inferiorly - most common spot for shoulder dislocations
movements of glenohumeral joint
ball and socket so flexion/extension, medial/lateral, rotation, ADD/ABD, circumduction
contents of intertubercular groove of humerus
tendon of long head of biceps brachii m.
muscles of rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
muscles of scapular region
deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, subscapularis
actions of 3 parts of deltoid
anterior - flexion, MR of humerus
middle - ABD of humerus 15-90 degrees
posterior - extension, lateral rotation of humerus
innervation of deltoid
axillary n.
teres major location
passes laterally from scapula to humerus anteriorly
inferior to teres minor
actions of teres major
adduction and MR of humerus
assists with extension from flexed position
innervation of teres major
lower subscapular n.
supraspinatus location
superior to scapular spine
only rotator cuff muscle that does not rotate humerus
supraspinatus
action of supraspinatus
initiates ABD humerus (first 15 degrees)
suitcase muscle
supraspinatus
innervation of supraspinatus
suprascapular n.
infraspinatus m. location
below scapular spine
action of infraspinatus
lateral rotation of humerus
innervation of infraspinatus
suprascapular n.
teres minor location
superior to teres major
sometimes not distinguished from infraspinatus
actions of teres minor
LR of humerus
assists with ADD of humerus
innervation of teres minor
axillary n.
subscapularis location
costal (anterior) surface of scapula
actions of subscapularis
most powerful MR of humerus
assist ADD of humerus
innervation of subscapularis
upper and lower subscapular n.
muscles that insert into greater tubercle of humerus
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
origin of suprascapular n.
superior trunk of brachial plexus
path of suprascapular n.
passes inferior to transverse scapular ligament
suprascapular nerve innervates
supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.
origin of axillary n.
posterior cord of brachial plexus
axillary n. path
passes through quadrangular space
axillary n. innervates
deltoid and teres minor
axillary n. cutaneous innervation
superior lateral arm
origin of upper and lower subscapular n.
posterior cord brachial plexus
upper subscapular n. innervates
subscapularis m.
lower subscapularis m. innervates
teres major and subscapularis
purpose of muscular spaces
point of passage for anterior structures to go posterior
quadrangular space borders
teres major and minor, long head of triceps brachii, and surgical neck of humerus
contents of quadrangular space
posterior humeral circumflex artery
axillary n.
triangular space borders
teres major and minor, long head of triceps brachii
contents of triangular space
circumflex scapular a.
triangular interval borders
long and lateral head of triceps brachii, teres major
contents of triangular interval
radial n.
profunda brachii. a
axillary n. mechanism of injury
fracture of surgical neck of humerus
shoulder dislocation
injection
crutches
affects of axillary n. damage
loss of rounded shoulder
weakness in abd above 15 degrees
sensory loss on superolateral arm
rotator cuff mechanism of injury
overuse in position above horizontal
rotator cuff injury causes
instability of glenohumeral joint
most common muscle injured in rotator cuff
supraspinatus
prone to wear on acromion
complete rotator cuff tear causes
unable to initiate ABD
passive initiation of ABD