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Anatomy > Forearm > Flashcards

Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

forearm

A

from elbow to wrist
functionally includes distal humerus

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2
Q

bones in forearm

A

radius - lateral
ulna- medial

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3
Q

interosseus m

A

unites the two bones

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4
Q

radio-ulnar joints

A

synovial joint
radius moves over ulna
supination and pronation

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5
Q

posterior thickening of antebrachial fascia

A

extensor retinaculum
forms 6 extensive tunnels for extensors of forearm

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6
Q

anterior thickening of antebrachial fascia

A

palmar l.
continuous with extensor retinaculum

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7
Q

flexor retinaculum

A

AKA transverse carpal l.
distal and deep to palmar carpal l.

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8
Q

muscles of anterior compartment of forearm

A

flexors and pronators
median n. and branches
(exception 1.5 muscls via ulnar n.)

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9
Q

posterior compartment muscles of forearm

A

extensors and supinators
radial n. and branches

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10
Q

forearm anterior compartment superficial layer

A

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

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11
Q

forearm anterior compartment intermediate layer

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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12
Q

forearm anterior compartment deep layer

A

pronator quadratus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor policis longus

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13
Q

forearm anterior compartment joints crossed by layers

A

superficial and intermediate layers - elbow and wrist
deep layer- wrist only

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14
Q

pronator teres heads

A

superficial and deep
median n. passes between heads (impingement possible)

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15
Q

actions of pronator teres

A

pronation forearm
flexion of forearm

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16
Q

innervation of pronator teres

A

median n.

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17
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

medial to pronator teres
tendon doesn’t pass through carpal tunnel
radial a. lie lateral to tendon

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18
Q

actions of flexor carpi radialis

A

flexion of forearm
radial deviation of wrist

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19
Q

innervation of flexor carpi radialis

A

median n.

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20
Q

palmaris longus

A

absent in one or both sides in 14%
passes superficial to flexor retinaculum to attach on palmar aponeurosis
closely related to median n at wrist

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21
Q

actions of palmaris longus

A

flexion of wrist
tenses palmar aponeurosis

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22
Q

palmaris longus innervation

A

median n.

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23
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

most medial of superficial flexors
ulnar n. and a. lie lateral to tendon at wrist

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24
Q

heads of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

humeral and ulnar

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25
Q

ulnar nerve enters forearm between two heads of?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
“cubital tunnel” (impingement)

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26
Q

actions of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexion of wrist
ulnar deviation of wrist

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27
Q

innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

ulnar n.

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28
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

median n. enters forearm by passing between its two heads

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29
Q

heads of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

humeroulnar
radial

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30
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

A

all pass through carpal tunnel
split distally

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31
Q

actions of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

flexion of proximal and middle phalanges and wrist

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32
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis innervation

A

median n .

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33
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A

only muscle that can flex distal and interphalangeal joints

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34
Q

flexor digitorum profundus tendons

A

all 4 pass through carpal tunnel
pass through splits of FDS distally

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35
Q

actions of flexor digitorum profundus

A

medial 1/2 - flexion of distal phalanges of digits 4/5
lateral 1/2 - flexion of distal phalanges 2/3
all flexion of wrist

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36
Q

innervation of flexor digitorum profundus

A

medial 1/2 - ulnar nerve
lateral 1/2 - anterior interosseus nerve (branch of median nerve)

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37
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A

lies lateral to FDP
tendon passes through carpal tunnel

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38
Q

action of flexor pollicis longus

A

flexion of thumb
flexion of wrist

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39
Q

innervation

A

AIN

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40
Q

pronator quadratus

A

deepest muscle of ant. forearm
covers distal radius and interosseous membrane
AIN and AIA pass deep to muscle

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41
Q

pronator quadratus actions

A

prime mover for forearm pronation
deep fibers bind radius and ulna

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42
Q

innervation of pronator quadratus

A

AIN

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43
Q

pronator syndrome

A

nerve impingement syndrome - median n is compressed between heads of pronator teres

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44
Q

causes of pronator syndrome

A

activities that involve repeated pronation
pregnancy
idiopathic

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45
Q

symptoms of pronator syndrome

A

pain/tenderness in proximal forearm
Hypoestesia (decrease in sensation) of central palm and palmar aspects of radial 3 1⁄2 digits
Weakness with flexion and pronation of forearm

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46
Q

injury to median nerve at elbow caused by

A

supracondylar fracture
laceration to supracondylar area

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47
Q

symptoms of injury to median n at elbow

A

digits 1-3 : weakness/loss of flexion (FDS, FDP, FPL)
proximal interphalangeal joints 4/5 - weakened flexion (FDS)

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48
Q

injury to median nerve at elbow characteristics

A

hand of benidiction
themar mm. function is lost - thumb ADD and extends, thenar eminence flattens
sensory loss - central and lateral 2/3 of palm, palmar side of radial 3.5 digits

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49
Q

injury to ulnar n at elbow

A

27% of nerve lesions
majority of intrinisic mm. hand affected
ulnar deviation impaired
wrist flexion also impaired (hand drawn laterally)

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50
Q

sites of injury for ulnar n. injury at elbow

A

posterior to medial epicondyle
cubital tunnel
in hand

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51
Q

injury to ulnar n at elbow characteristics

A

difficulty making fist
claw hand

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52
Q

injury to ulnar n at elbow sensory loss

A

medial aspect of palm
dorsum of hand
medial 1.5 digits

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53
Q

what flexor compartment mm have more than one head or origin

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, FDS, pronator teres

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54
Q

what nerve might be impinged in the cubital tunnel? by pronator teres?

A

ulnar n. / median n.

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55
Q

which flexor compartment tt pass through carpal tunnel

A

FDS, FPL, FDP

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56
Q

what digits affected by an injury to ulnar nerve at elbow

A

ABD and ADD of digits 2-5 (loss of dorsal, palmar, interosseous mm)
sensory loss medial half of digits 4/5

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57
Q

extensor compartment superficial layer

A

brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris

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58
Q

extensor compartment superficial layer joints crossed

A

elbow and wrist
(brachioradialis exception - only elbow)

59
Q

extensor compartment deep layer

A

supinator m
extensor indicis mq

60
Q

outcropping layer extensor compartment

A

abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus

61
Q

deep and outcropping layer of extensor compartment joints crossed

A

wrist
exception supinator - elbow only

62
Q

brachioradialis

A

on anterolateral surface of arm
odd muscle separates flexor and extensor muscles
lateral border of cubital fossa
flexor function like ant. compartment but innervated by radial n. - extensor compartment
overalled distally by APL and EPB

63
Q

brachioradialis joint crossed

A

only elbow

64
Q

brachioradialis action

A

forearm flexion (max in mid pronated mid supinated position)

65
Q

innervation of brachioradialis

66
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

partly overlapped by brachioradialis m.
distal tendon crossed over by APL and EPB

67
Q

actions of extensor pollicis brevis

A

extension of wrist
radial deviation - clinical action (ABD of hand at wrist)

68
Q

extensor pollicis brevis innervation

69
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

shorter than ECRL
tendon crossed distally by APL and EPB

70
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis actions

A

extension of wrist
radial deviation

71
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis innervation

A

deep branch of radial nerve

72
Q

extensor digiitorum

A

principal extensor of medial 4 digits

73
Q

actions of extensor digitorum

A

extension of medial 4 digits
extension of wrist

74
Q

extensor digitorum innervation

A

deep branch radial n.

75
Q

extensor digiti minimi

A

partially detatched part of ED
tendon located medially to ED of dorsum of hand

76
Q

extensor digiti minimi actions

A

extension of 5th digit
extension of wrist

77
Q

extensor digiti minimi innervation

A

deep branch of radial n.

78
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

located on medial border of forearm

79
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris heads

A

humeral and ulnar

80
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris actions

A

extension of wrist
ulnar deviation - clinical term (adduction of hand at wrist)

81
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris innervation

A

deep branch of radial n.

82
Q

supinator

A

forms floor of cubital fossa
deep branch of radial nerve pierces this muscle to go posteriorly

83
Q

supinator actions

A

supination of forearm
slow unopposed supination of extended forearm

84
Q

supinator innervation

A

deep branch radial nerve

85
Q

abductor pollicis longus

A

lies distal to supinator
tendon and belly may split in two

86
Q

abductor pollicis longus and snuffbox

A

forms lateral border of anatomical snuffbox

87
Q

abductor pollicis longus actions

A

abduction of thumb
with EPL and EPB - extension of thumb

88
Q

abductor pollicis longus innervation

A

deep branch of radial n.

89
Q

extensor pollicis brevis

A

distal to APL

90
Q

extensor pollicis brevis and snuffbox

A

also helps forms lateral border of snuffbox

91
Q

extensor pollicis brevis actions

A

extension of thumb

92
Q

extensor pollicis brevis innervation

A

deep branch of radial n.

93
Q

extensor pollicis longus

A

tendon passes medially to dorsal tubercle or radius
uses as trochlea to change line of pull

94
Q

extensor pollicis longus and snuffbox

A

forms medial border of snuffbox

95
Q

extensor pollicis longus action

A

extension of thumb

96
Q

extensor pollicis longus innervation

A

deep branch of radial n.

97
Q

extensor indicis

A

muscle lie medial and alongside EPL
confers independence to index finger
tendon lies medial and deep to ED tendon on dorsum of hand

98
Q

extensor indicis actions

A

independent extension of 2nd digit
assists with wrist extension

99
Q

innervates extensor indicis

A

deep branch of radial n.

100
Q

anatomical snuff box location

A

hollow between tendons of APL, EPB, EPL

101
Q

palpable structures of anatomical snuffbox

A

radial styloid process
base of 1st metacarpal

102
Q

borders of anatomical snuffbox

A

medial -EPL
lateral - APB and APL

103
Q

content of anatomical snuffbox

A

radial artery
superficial radial n. runs over roof

104
Q

tenderness of anatomical snuffbox

A

may indicate scaphoid fracture

105
Q

what muscles are innervated by the superficial branch of radial n?

A

none- all sensory (to dorsum of thumb, 2nd, 3rd, and lateral half of 4th digit)

106
Q

arteries of forarm

A

ulnar and radial artery (both originate from brachial artery)

107
Q

median n. innervates

A

all muscles of anterior compartment (except FCU and medial half 1/2 of FDP)

108
Q

formation of median n.

A

lateral root from lateral cord and medial root from medial cord

109
Q

median n. location in cubital fossa

A

medial to brachial artery

110
Q

median nerve branch AIN

A

runs with AIA
innervates FPL, lateral half of FDP, and pronator quadratus

111
Q

palmar cutaneous branch of median n.

A

arises proximal to flexor retinaculum

112
Q

ulnar n. innervates

A

FCU and medial half of FDP
lots of hand muscles that we don’t need to know

113
Q

formation of ulnar n.

A

terminal branch of medial cord

114
Q

palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar n.

A

arises in mid forearm
supplies palmar skin medial to axis of 4th digit

115
Q

dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar n.

A

arises in distal forearm
supplies sensory innervation to medial half of digit 4 and all of digit 5

116
Q

radial n. innervates

A

all muscles of posterior compartment of forearm

117
Q

radial n. formation

A

terminal branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus

118
Q

posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. (of radial n.)

A

skin over posterior aspect of forearm to wrist

119
Q

branch of radial n.

A

deep radial n. and superificial branch of radial n.
termination occurs just distal to lateral epicondyle

120
Q

deep branch of radial n. innervates

A

ECRB, ED, EDM, ECU and supinator muscles(pierces)

121
Q

tennis elbow

A

lateral epicondylitis

122
Q

lateral epicondylitis causes

A

repeated forceful extension of wrist
strains common extender tendon

123
Q

lateral epicondylitis inflammation

A

occurs in periosteum of lateral epicondyle

124
Q

lateral epicondylitis pain

A

over lateral epicondyle
radiates down posterior surface of forearm

125
Q

injury to radial n in forearm

A

damage superficial or deep branches

126
Q

injury to radial n in forearm causes

A

penetrating wounds
fracture to posterior forearm

127
Q

injury to radial n in forearm muscles affected

A

EPL and EPB - thumb extension
ED, EDM, EI - extension of digits of MP joint

128
Q

injury to radial n in forearm sensation lost

A

no loss with deep branch
quarter sized area distal to bases of 1st and 2nd metacarpals (less than expected due to overlap of nerves)

129
Q

injury to radial n in forearm testing integrity

A

extending MP against resistance

130
Q

which tendon is the superficial branch of the radial n. closely associated with

A

extensor pollicis brevis and brachioradialis tendon

131
Q

purpose of carpal tunnel

A

path from anterior forearm into hand

132
Q

carpal tunnel location

A

anterior wrist between anterior concavity of carpals and flexor retinaculum
retinaculum holds long flexor tendons in place

133
Q

contents of carpal tunnel

A

tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve

133
Q

contents of carpal tunnel

A

tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve

133
Q

contents of carpal tunnel

A

tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve

134
Q

injury to ulnar. n at wrist causes

A

laceration proximal to ulnar canal or compression of ulnar canal

135
Q

injury to ulnar. n at wrist muscles affected

A

intrinsic mm of hand

136
Q

injury to ulnar. n at wrist sign

A

atrophy of hypothenar eminence

137
Q

injury to ulnar. n at wrist sensory loss

A

medial palm and palmar medial 1.5 digits

138
Q

injury to median n at wrist causes

A

any lesion that significatnly reduces size of carpal tunnel
“carpel tunnel syndrome”

139
Q

injury to median n at wrist symptoms

A

tingling, diminished sensation or absence of sensation of lateral 3.5 digits

140
Q

injury to median n at wrist (recurrent branch of median n.)

A

progressive loss of coordination and strength in thumb
inability to oppose thumb
thumb limited to flexion, extension, ABD

141
Q

injury to median n at wrist characteristic disability

A

emaciation of thenar eminence
thumb is ADD and extended

Anatomy (5 decks)

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