vertebral column and internal muscles of the back Flashcards
what are the functions of the vertebral coulumn?
-support for head and rest of body
-involved in movement
-protection
what Is the function of the vertebral body?
transfers the weight (large part of the vertebrae)
pedicle?
foot of arch
transverse process?
muscle/ligament attatchement
lamina?
lateral and posterior part of arch.
spinous process?
muscle/ligament attatchment, most posterior part of vertebrae which we can feel from the surface.
superior/inferior articular process
form joints
superior/inferior vertebral notches
form intervertebral foramen
where does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
what is the caudal equina?
where the spinal nerves descend to exit
which part of the vertebral column is the most mobile?
the cervical
which part of the vertebral body has the least rotation?
lumbar
which joints are in between superior and inferior articular facets?
zygapophyseal joints which are plane, synovial joints
which joint is formed between the vertebral bodies?
symphysis (intervertebral discs) which have cartilage between them, directly connected and continuous
how many joints does each vertebrae form?
6
4 x zygapophyseal
2 x IVD
what is the function of the IVD?
-provides stability and flexibility
-pressure regulation
-water cushion function which absorbs shock
what is the structure of the IVD?
annulus fibrous ; high tensile strength, fibrous sheath on outer surface (collagen layers in rings), fibrocartilage inner zone
nucleus pulpous ; high resilience, gelatinous structure, 80-85% water
what is a slipped disc?
prolapse of IVD (hernia) tear in the annulus fibrous nucleus pulosus can protrude
what does the atlas do (C1)?
holds the skull up, docent have a body allows head to nod up and down
what does the axis do (C2)?
a synovial pivot joint, allows skull to shake left to right
what is the function of ligaments?
-connect bone to bone
-provide support for joints
-work to restrict movement at joints
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
-base of the skill to anterior surface of sacrum
-attached to anterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
-prevents hyperextension
what is the posterior longitudinal ligament?
-attached C2 to sacrum
-attached to posterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
-lines the anterior surface to vertebral canal
-weakly resists hyeprflexion
what is the supraspinous ligament?
-C7 to sacrum
-connects tips of spinous processes
-cord like
what is the nuchal ligament?
-strong fibroelastic tissue
-base of skull to C7
-supports head on neck
-provides attachment for muscle
ligament flava?
-pass between laminae
-form part of the vertebral canal
-resist separation of verbs during flexion
interspinous?
between spinous processes
inter transverse?
between transverse processes
what is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?
-act directly on spine
-maintain posture and control movement of vertebrae
what is the thoracolumbar fascisa of the back?
-covers deep muscles of back
-critical to organisation and integrity of the region
-lattismus dorsi and trapezius attached to it
what is the first layer called of the superficial back muscles?
splenius muscles
splenius capitis?
-attatches to base of skull( lump behind ear)
splenius crevices?
attaches to transverse processes of C1-C3
what is the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
erector spinae, (illiocostalis, longissiumus, spinalis)
where do the erector spinae muscles originate from?
the broad tendon attached to sacrum, spinous processes of L and lower T verts, iliac crest
illiocostalis?
inserts angles of ribs and C transverse process
longissimus?
inserts T and C transverse processes and mastoid process
spinalis?
inserts T spinous processes and skull
what muscles make up the deep layer?
-transversospinalis muscles
-additional muscles
what muscles make up the transverseospinalis?
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
-they all cross multiple vertebrae
-extend and rotate
what are the additional muscles?
-levatores costarum
-interspinales and intertransversarri (postural muscles)
how many major curves of the spine are there?
4
what is the primary curvature?
outward -kphosis
present in neonate, natural curve of back
c shaped
