vertebral column and internal muscles of the back

Question 1

what are the functions of the vertebral coulumn?

Answer 1

-support for head and rest of body
-involved in movement
-protection

Question 2

what Is the function of the vertebral body?

Answer 2

transfers the weight (large part of the vertebrae)

Question 3

pedicle?

Answer 3

foot of arch

Question 4

transverse process?

Answer 4

muscle/ligament attatchement

Question 5

lamina?

Answer 5

lateral and posterior part of arch.

Question 6

spinous process?

Answer 6

muscle/ligament attatchment, most posterior part of vertebrae which we can feel from the surface.

Question 7

superior/inferior articular process

Answer 7

form joints

Question 8

superior/inferior vertebral notches

Answer 8

form intervertebral foramen

Question 9

where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 9

L1/L2

Question 10

what is the caudal equina?

Answer 10

where the spinal nerves descend to exit

Question 11

which part of the vertebral column is the most mobile?

Answer 11

the cervical

Question 12

which part of the vertebral body has the least rotation?

Answer 12

lumbar

Question 13

which joints are in between superior and inferior articular facets?

Answer 13

zygapophyseal joints which are plane, synovial joints

Question 14

which joint is formed between the vertebral bodies?

Answer 14

symphysis (intervertebral discs) which have cartilage between them, directly connected and continuous

Question 15

how many joints does each vertebrae form?

Answer 15

6
4 x zygapophyseal
2 x IVD

Question 16

what is the function of the IVD?

Answer 16

-provides stability and flexibility
-pressure regulation
-water cushion function which absorbs shock

Question 17

what is the structure of the IVD?

Answer 17

annulus fibrous ; high tensile strength, fibrous sheath on outer surface (collagen layers in rings), fibrocartilage inner zone
nucleus pulpous ; high resilience, gelatinous structure, 80-85% water

Question 18

what is a slipped disc?

Answer 18

prolapse of IVD (hernia) tear in the annulus fibrous nucleus pulosus can protrude

Question 19

what does the atlas do (C1)?

Answer 19

holds the skull up, docent have a body allows head to nod up and down

Question 20

what does the axis do (C2)?

Answer 20

a synovial pivot joint, allows skull to shake left to right

Question 21

what is the function of ligaments?

Answer 21

-connect bone to bone
-provide support for joints
-work to restrict movement at joints

Question 22

what is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 22

-base of the skill to anterior surface of sacrum
-attached to anterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
-prevents hyperextension

Question 23

what is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 23

-attached C2 to sacrum
-attached to posterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
-lines the anterior surface to vertebral canal
-weakly resists hyeprflexion

Question 24

what is the supraspinous ligament?

Answer 24

-C7 to sacrum
-connects tips of spinous processes
-cord like

Question 25

what is the nuchal ligament?

Answer 25

-strong fibroelastic tissue
-base of skull to C7
-supports head on neck
-provides attachment for muscle

Question 26

ligament flava?

Answer 26

-pass between laminae
-form part of the vertebral canal
-resist separation of verbs during flexion

Question 27

interspinous?

Answer 27

between spinous processes

Question 28

inter transverse?

Answer 28

between transverse processes

Question 29

what is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 29

-act directly on spine
-maintain posture and control movement of vertebrae

Question 30

what is the thoracolumbar fascisa of the back?

Answer 30

-covers deep muscles of back
-critical to organisation and integrity of the region
-lattismus dorsi and trapezius attached to it

Question 31

what is the first layer called of the superficial back muscles?

Answer 31

splenius muscles

Question 32

splenius capitis?

Answer 32

-attatches to base of skull( lump behind ear)

Question 33

splenius crevices?

Answer 33

attaches to transverse processes of C1-C3

Question 34

what is the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 34

erector spinae, (illiocostalis, longissiumus, spinalis)

Question 35

where do the erector spinae muscles originate from?

Answer 35

the broad tendon attached to sacrum, spinous processes of L and lower T verts, iliac crest

Question 36

illiocostalis?

Answer 36

inserts angles of ribs and C transverse process

Question 37

longissimus?

Answer 37

inserts T and C transverse processes and mastoid process

Question 38

spinalis?

Answer 38

inserts T spinous processes and skull

Question 39

what muscles make up the deep layer?

Answer 39

-transversospinalis muscles
-additional muscles

Question 40

what muscles make up the transverseospinalis?

Answer 40

semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
-they all cross multiple vertebrae
-extend and rotate

Question 41

what are the additional muscles?

Answer 41

-levatores costarum
-interspinales and intertransversarri (postural muscles)

Question 42

how many major curves of the spine are there?

Answer 42

4

Question 43

what is the primary curvature?

Answer 43

outward -kphosis
present in neonate, natural curve of back
c shaped