intro to musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what is a joint

Answer 1

place where 2 or more bones make contact - articulation

Question 2

what are fibrous joints?

Answer 2

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 3

what are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 3

bones joined by cartilage

Question 4

what are synovial joints?

Answer 4

bones not directly joined, allows movement but is limited by the shape of the joint

Question 5

what are synarthrosis joints?

Answer 5

don’t allow movement eg sutures

Question 6

what are amphiarthrosis joints?

Answer 6

little movement eg distal tibiofibular

Question 7

what are diarthrosis joints?

Answer 7

free movement eg synovial joints

Question 8

what does the structure of continuous joints consist of?

Answer 8

bone ends are linked by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue

Question 9

what does the synovial cartilage do?

Answer 9

surrounds the joint surface and protects it.

Question 10

what is the articular capsule linked by?

Answer 10

synovial membrane

Question 11

what does the synovial membranes function?

Answer 11

secretes synovial fluid

Question 12

what is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Answer 12

acts as a lubricant which prevents friction when the joint is moving

Question 13

what do ligaments do?

Answer 13

connect bone to bone

Question 14

what is the function of muscles?

Answer 14

to increase stability.

Question 15

how are muscles connected to bones?

Answer 15

via tendons (round) or aponeurosis (flat sheet)

Question 16

what are uniaxial joints?

Answer 16

only allow movement in one direction eg pivot, hinge, plane

Question 17

what are biaxial joints?

Answer 17

allow movement in two directions eg MCP and carpometacarpal

Question 18

what are multiaxial joints?

Answer 18

allow most free movement eg hip

Question 19

what are the 3 classifications of muscle tissue?

Answer 19

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 20

what is skeletal tissue?

Answer 20

stripy, voluntary, form most of the large muscles of the body eg bicep. connect to the skeleton and facilitate movement of the body

Question 21

what is cardiac tissue?

Answer 21

specialised muscle cells which don’t require external stimulation for use. form the walls of the heart. they don’t tire and can be used continuously.

Question 22

what is smooth tissue?

Answer 22

involuntary, smooth, found. in walls of internal tissue, can contract without stimulation and it dosent tire

Question 23

what are the functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 23

-locomotion
-stability
-posture
-protection
-respiration

Question 24

what are the functions of cardiac and smooth muscles?

Answer 24

circulation

Question 25

what are the functions of smooth and skeletal muscle?

Answer 25

-digestion -urination -childbirth -vision -temp regulation

Question 26

what are muscle fibres grouped into?

Answer 26

muscle fascicles which form heads or bellies.

Question 27

what does the range of movement of a muscle depend on?

Answer 27

the fibre length as they can contract by about 30% of their length

Question 28

what does the strength of a muscle depend on?

Answer 28

the number of fibres they have

Question 29

what are flat muscles?

Answer 29

fascicles lie in same direction. parallel fibres with an aponeurosis

Question 30

what are pennate muscles?

Answer 30

feather like, can be uni or bi

Question 31

what are fusiform muscles?

Answer 31

spindle shaped, wide belly in middle and narrows at either end

Question 32

what are convergent muscles?

Answer 32

arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon

Question 33

what are quadrates muscles?

Answer 33

have four equal side

Question 34

what are circular/ sphincteral muscles?

Answer 34

surround a body opening or orifice (circular)

Question 35

what layers must we pass to get to the muscle?

Answer 35

skin (epidermis and dermis) subcutaneous tissue deep fascia

Question 36

what are extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 36

act on structures outside of the back. they are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 37

what are intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 37

act on structures within the back and are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 38

which major back muscles are superficial?

Answer 38

trapezius latissimus dorsi

Question 39

which major back muscles are deep?

Answer 39

levator scapulae rhomboids

Question 40

how can osteocytes be identified?

Answer 40

dendritic appearance

Question 41

which type of collagen is found mostly in bone?

Answer 41

collagen I

Question 42

what is the anterior rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 42

connected with the autonomic sympathetic trunk through their white and grey communicating branches. they innervate extrinsic back muscles.

Question 43

what does innervate mean?

Answer 43

supply an organ or body part with nerves

Question 44

what are the dorsal rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 44

contain nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor and and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back.