intro to musculoskeletal system Flashcards
what is a joint
place where 2 or more bones make contact - articulation
what are fibrous joints?
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
what are cartilaginous joints?
bones joined by cartilage
what are synovial joints?
bones not directly joined, allows movement but is limited by the shape of the joint
what are synarthrosis joints?
don’t allow movement eg sutures
what are amphiarthrosis joints?
little movement eg distal tibiofibular
what are diarthrosis joints?
free movement eg synovial joints
what does the structure of continuous joints consist of?
bone ends are linked by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue
what does the synovial cartilage do?
surrounds the joint surface and protects it.
what is the articular capsule linked by?
synovial membrane
what does the synovial membranes function?
secretes synovial fluid
what is the purpose of synovial fluid?
acts as a lubricant which prevents friction when the joint is moving
what do ligaments do?
connect bone to bone
what is the function of muscles?
to increase stability.
how are muscles connected to bones?
via tendons (round) or aponeurosis (flat sheet)
what are uniaxial joints?
only allow movement in one direction eg pivot, hinge, plane
what are biaxial joints?
allow movement in two directions eg MCP and carpometacarpal
what are multiaxial joints?
allow most free movement eg hip
what are the 3 classifications of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what is skeletal tissue?
stripy, voluntary, form most of the large muscles of the body eg bicep. connect to the skeleton and facilitate movement of the body
what is cardiac tissue?
specialised muscle cells which don’t require external stimulation for use. form the walls of the heart. they don’t tire and can be used continuously.
what is smooth tissue?
involuntary, smooth, found. in walls of internal tissue, can contract without stimulation and it dosent tire
what are the functions of skeletal muscle?
-locomotion
-stability
-posture
-protection
-respiration
what are the functions of cardiac and smooth muscles?
circulation
what are the functions of smooth and skeletal muscle?
-digestion
-urination
-childbirth
-vision
-temp regulation
what are muscle fibres grouped into?
muscle fascicles which form heads or bellies.
what does the range of movement of a muscle depend on?
the fibre length as they can contract by about 30% of their length
what does the strength of a muscle depend on?
the number of fibres they have
what are flat muscles?
fascicles lie in same direction. parallel fibres with an aponeurosis
what are pennate muscles?
feather like, can be uni or bi
what are fusiform muscles?
spindle shaped, wide belly in middle and narrows at either end
what are convergent muscles?
arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon
what are quadrates muscles?
have four equal side
what are circular/ sphincteral muscles?
surround a body opening or orifice (circular)
what layers must we pass to get to the muscle?
skin (epidermis and dermis)
subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia
what are extrinsic back muscles?
act on structures outside of the back. they are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
what are intrinsic back muscles?
act on structures within the back and are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves
which major back muscles are superficial?
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
which major back muscles are deep?
levator scapulae
rhomboids
how can osteocytes be identified?
dendritic appearance
which type of collagen is found mostly in bone?
collagen I
what is the anterior rami of spinal nerves?
connected with the autonomic sympathetic trunk through their white and grey communicating branches. they innervate extrinsic back muscles.
what does innervate mean?
supply an organ or body part with nerves
what are the dorsal rami of spinal nerves?
contain nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor and and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back.
