Vertebral Column Flashcards
Vertebrae develop from what embryological origin?
Mesoderm
The notochord gives rise to?
Nucleus pulposus of IVD
Somites come from?
condensations of mesoderm
Sclerotomes have 3 primary ossification centers, and 5 secondary ossification centers, what are they?
1o: centrum, R/L 1/2 of neural arch
2o: SP, R/L TVP, upper/lower vertebral EP
Myotomes from which muscles develop? Somatic Splanchnic Epimere Hypomere
Sekeletal
Smooth
extensor
Flexor
Somite dermatomes form what?
periphernal N and dermis
Describe embryological chondrification.
Mesoderm is replaced by cartilage
Describe embryological intermamembranous ossification
Bone formed w/in membrane (flat bones of skull, clavicle)
Describe embryological intracartilaginnous ossification
Bone is formed w/in cartilage (long bones, base of skull, vertebral column and ribs)
Cervical vertebra characteristics?
rectangular body, bifid SP, transverse foramina in TVP with ant and post tubercles, superior articular facets face backward, upward, medial in coronal plane
Thoracic vertebra characteristics?
Heart-shaped body, sloping SP, costal facets on body and each TVP, superior articular facts face backward, upward, lateral
Lumbar vertebra characteristics?
kidney shape, quadrangular SP, mammillary and accessory processes, L3 has longest and L5 has largest of lumbar TVP, superior articular process backwards and medial
C1 characteristics?
no body, large lateral mass, anterior arch, posterior arch w/groove for vertebral A
C2/axis/epistorpheus characteristics?
dens/odontoid process is present
C7 characteristics?
long non-bifid SP
Anterior longitudinal ligament:
Connects?
Comparison to PLL?
Prevents?
extend sacrum to basal part of occiput
Thicker and stronger than PLL
Prevents hyperextenion
Posterior longitudinal ligament: Connects? Characteristics? Prevents? Continues as?
Extends C2 to sacrum
Thin and weak
Hyperflexion
Tectorial membrane beyond C2
Supraspinous ligament:
Connects?
Prevents?
Continues as?
Connects tips of spinouses
Hyperflexion
Nuchal ligament Beyond C7
Interspinous ligament:
Connects?
Prevents?
Runs btw spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Posterior translation, flexion
Ligamentum flavum ligament:
Connects?
Characteristics?
Prevents?
extends btw lamina of adjacent vertebrae
Contains lots of elastic tissue
Flexion, buckling in extension
Intertransverse ligament:
Connects?
Prevents?
Runs btw TVP of adjacent vertebrae
Lateral bending
Alar/check ligament:
Connects?
Characteristics?
Prevents?
Posterior and lateral aspect of dens to medial aspect of the condyle of the occiput
L atlas rtn will increase tension in the right alar ligament
Limits axial rotation
Apical ligament:
Connects?
Prevents?
Apex of dens to anterior foramen magnum
Limit flexion and extension of C2
Cruciate ligament:
Connects?
Characteristics?
Prevents?
Transverse: Lateral mass atlas to opposite side of lateral mass
Superior longitudinal: middle of transverse ligament to anterior lip of foramen magnum btw tectorial membrane and apical ligament
Inferior ligament: Middle of transverse ligament to body of C2
Shaped like a cross
Limits lateral translation
What is the types of collagen fibers are in the outter and inner parts of the IVD?
Type I
Type II
The outer part o the IVD is called the?
Annulus fibrosus
How many laminae does the annulus have and how do the fibers run?
15-20 concentric laminae
65o vertical then 65o opposite
What makes the nucleus pulposus gelatinous?
proteoglycans that attract water
Where is the IVD thickest? Thinnest?
Lumbar region
Thoracic region
What innervates the outer third of the annulus posteriorly?
Sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal)
What innervates the outer third of the annulus anterolaterally?
Sensory N from grey sympathetic rami
How does the IVD get nourishment?
Diffusion through the endplates facilitated by movement of the spine
How many IVDs are there?
23
What are the superior boundaries of the IVF?
pedicle, inferior vertebral notch
What are the anterior boundaries of the IVF?
posterolateral adjacent vertebral body and intervening disc
What are the inferior boundaries of the IVF?
pedicle and superior vertebral notch
What are the posterior boundaries of the IVF?
anterior zygapophyseal joint, capsule
What are the contents of the IVF?
Spinal N/NRs, DRG, spinal A/V, 2-4 sinuvertebral N, fat, transforaminal ligaments
Spinal canal extends from?
Foramen magnum to end of sacrum
Anterior boundaries of the spinal canal?
Bodies of the vertebrae
Lateral boundaries of the spinal canal?
pedicles
Posterior boundaries of the spinal canal?
Neural arch of laminae
Contents of the spinal canal?
Spinal cord, spinal N roots w/dura, arachnoid, pia mater, CSF, BV, connective tissue
Where is the extra dural (epidural) space?
Outside spinal dura and semi-fluid fat and blood vessels
The spinal canal is smallest where? Largest?
Thoracic, cervical
Where is the most common site for cord compression?
C6 widest - cervical region
Shape of the spinal canal in the cervicals, thoracics, and lumbar?
Triangular, oval, triangular
Atlanto-occipital Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial
Condylar
Condyle of occipital bone and superioir articular facet of C1
Flexion (longs capitis and rectus anterior),
extension (SCM, semispinalis, splenius),
little lateral bending (Rectus lateralis, SCM, trapezius) and rotation
C1
Median Atlanto-Axial Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial Pivot Anterior arch of C1 and dens of C2 Rotation (SCM, semispinalis capitis countered by rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and inferior) C2
Lateral Atlanto-Axial Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial
Planar
Lateral masses of C1 and superior articular facets of C2
Rotation (SCM, semispinalis capitis, against rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superioir and inferior)
Flexion, extension
C2
Zygapophyseal/Facet Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? Orientation ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial
Planar
Inferior articular facet of superior vertebra and superior articular facet of adjacent vertebra
C/T: BUM (90o sagittal, 45o horizontal and 15o coronal/75o sagittal 60o horizontal), L1-4 BM (90o coronal and horizontal), L5 backwards in coronal plane
C: fact joint capsules are long and loose esp rtn, flex/ext 50% flex/ext Co/C1 and 50% rtn C1/C2
T: facets allor rtn and 2o flexion, ext limited by long sloping SP
L: facet jt capsules short and tight, rtn/lat bend limited
Paraspinals
medial br of dorsal rami of corresponding spinal N and N below and above
Sacroiliac Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Atypical synovical jt containing an interosseous membrane post
Reciprocal interlocking planar which allows minimal gliding
Articular surface of ilium and auricular aspect of sacrum
Nutation and counternutation around axis through S2
Mainly erector spinae and psoas major
Superior gluteal N and br from S1/2
Costovertebral Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial
Planar
Body of vertebra and head of corresponding rib
Upper 6 joints pump handle action; lower 6 joints-bucket handle action
Intercostals and diaphragm
Segmental spinal N
Costotransverse Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
Synovial
Planar
Tubercle of the rib and TVP of the corresponding vertebra
Upper 6 costotransverse joints allow rtn and lower 6 allow for gliding in ant-post plane
Intercostal and diaphragm
Segmental spinal N
Costochondral Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
1o cartilaginous Synchondrosis Distal end of rib and cartilage None Intercostal and diaphragm Segmental spinal N
Sternochondral Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
1st is 1o cartilaginous and 2-7th are synovial
Synchondrosis for 1st and planar synovial for the others
Cartilage and sternum
Slight gliding
Intercostal
Segmental spinal N
Manubriosternal Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
2o cartilaginous symphysis manubrium and body of sternum slight increase and decrease angulation during respiration Intercostal Segmental spinal N
Xiphisternal Joint: Type? Classification? Bone involved? ROM? Muscles acting? Innervation?
2o cartilaginous
Symphysis becomes synostosis after 40th year
Body of sternum and xiphoid process
Very little
Intercostals, diaphragm, rectus abdominis
Segmental spinal N
Extrinsic back muscles in the superficial layer?
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Extrinsic back muscles in the intermediate layer?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major/minor, serratus posterior superior and inferior
Intrinsic back muscles in the superficial layer?
Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
Intrinsic back muscles in the Intermediate layer?
Erector spinae
What are the three parallel groups of erector spinae?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
The lumbar component of the erector spinae function differently than thoracic counterparts because?
Line of action not parallel to compressive axis of the spine instead it is posterior caudal obliquity causing posterior shear F w/extensor movement of superior vertebra
Erector spinae are supplied by branches of?
Dorsal rami of segmental spinal N
Intrinsic back muscles in the deep layer?
Semispinalis capitis and cervicis, rotatores costarum, interspinales, intertransversales, multifidus
What is the most medial muscle of the lumbar back muscles?
Multifidus
Direction of multifidus fibers in lumbars?
slope up from laminae and mammillary process to spinous 2-3 segments up from sacrum-C2
Movements of multifidus?
extension, lateral bend, contralateral rtn
Does multifidus have many or few mechanoreceptors?
Lots
Medial compartment of intertransversarii is innervated by?
dorsal rami
Lateral compartment of intertransversarii is innervated by?
ventral rami
What muscle is on either side of the interspinous ligaments?
Interspinalis
Multifidus, rotatores, interspinalis, intertransversales serve as spine movers or mechanoreceptors?
Mechanoreceptors - lots of muscle spindles
And stabilizers during local movement
