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Chiro Essentials Spinal Anatomy > Skull, Scalp, Face > Flashcards

Skull, Scalp, Face Flashcards

1
Q

Asterion?

A

Point where temporal, occipital, and parietal bones meet

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2
Q

Bregma?

A

Meeting of frontal and parietal bones

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3
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

By the first 18 months of life

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4
Q

Glabella

A

This is the smooth tranverse ridges connecting the supraorbital ridges

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5
Q

Inion:

A

highest point on EOP

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6
Q

Lambda:

A

Meeting point of the occiput and parietals

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7
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

By the 2-3rd month of life

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8
Q

Nasion:

A

Center of the frontonasal suture between the frontal and nasal bones

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9
Q

Pterion:

A

Where frontal, sphenoid, parietal, and temporal bones meet

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10
Q

Vertex

A

Highest point on skull in the sagittal plane

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11
Q

Basion:

A

Middle of the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum

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12
Q

Opisthion:

A

Middle of posterior aspect of the foramen magnum

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13
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

Skin, closed connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

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14
Q

In which layer of the scalp do you find blood vessels and nerves?

A

Closed connective tissue

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15
Q

What makes up the aponeurosis of the scalp?

A

Flattened tendon of the occiptofrontalis muscle

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16
Q

Innervation of the scalp?

A

Branches of CN V, C2 and C3

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17
Q

Blood supply of the scalp?

A

Branches of the external carotid A

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18
Q

Foramen cecum bones? Contents?

A

Frontal and ethmoid

Nasal emissary V

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19
Q

Anterior/posterior ethmoidal bones? Contents?

A

Ethmoid

A/P ethmoidal N/A/Vs

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20
Q

Cribriform foramina bones? Contents?

A 
Ethmoid
Olfactory Ns (CN I)
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21
Q

Optic canal bones? Contents?

A 
Sphenoid
Optic N (CN II) and ophthalmic A
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22
Q

Superior orbital fissure bones? Contents?

A

Sphenoid

CN III, IV, V1, VI, ophthalmic V

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23
Q

Foramen rotundum bones? Contents?

A

Sphenoid

CN V2

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24
Q

Foramen ovale bones? Contents?

A

Sphenoid

CN V3, accessory meningeal A/V

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25
Q

Foramen spinosum bones? Contents?

A

Sphenoid

Recurrent meningeal br of CN V3, middle meningeal A and V

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26
Q

Foramen lacerum bones? Contents?

A

sphenoid and temporal

Internal carotid A, venous plexus, sympathetic N passing horizontally

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27
Q

Internal acoustic meatus bones? Contents?

A

Temporal

CN VII, VIII, nervus intermedius and labyrinthine A

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28
Q

Jugular foramen bones? Contents?

A

Temporal/occipital

CN IX, X, XI, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses and posterior meningeal A

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29
Q

Hypoglossal foramen bones? Contents?

A

Occipital

CN XII

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30
Q

Foramen magnum bones? Contents?

A

Occipital

Medulla, vertebral and spinal A, spinal part of CN XI

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31
Q

All facial expression muscles are derived from what embryological tissue from what arch?

A

Mesoderm of the 2nd branchial arch

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32
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by?

A

Sympathetic fibers from the stellate ganglion

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33
Q

How to differentiate between a stroke (upper motor neuron lesion of CN VII) and Bells palsy (lower motor neuron lesion of CN VII)?

A

Pt can wrinkle forehead with stroke because of frontalis being innervated from both sides but not able to wrinkle forehead in bells palsy

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34
Q

3 layers of the eye?

A

Sclera, choroid, retina

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35
Q

Anterior part of the sclera is transparent and called the?

A

Cornea

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36
Q

Choroid layer of the eye contains?

A

Blood vessels

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37
Q

Which is the photosensitive layer of the eye?

A

Retina

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38
Q

The pigmented iris separates what chambers that contain aqueous humor?

A

Anterior and posterior chambers

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39
Q

What attached to the lens secretes aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body

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40
Q

Where does the aqueous humor drain?

A

Scleral venous sinus @cornea-scleral junction

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41
Q

Blockage of the scleral venous sinus/canal of Schlemm will result in what pathology?

A

Glaucoma

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42
Q

What is the oval yellow pot in the retina lateral to the optic disc?

A

Macula lutea

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43
Q

Where is the highest concentration of cones

A

Fovea centralis

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44
Q

Where are there no receptors in the retina?

A

Optic disc

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45
Q

The lens is attached to the ciliary body via what ligament?

A

Suspensory ligament of the lens

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46
Q

Contraction of the ciliary body is done through what type of stimulation?

A

Parasympathetic

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47
Q

Contraction of the ciliary body relaxes the tension on the suspensory ligament of the lens causing it to thicken to?

A

Focus on near objects

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48
Q

Relaxation of the ciliary muscles allows for the lens to thicken to?

A

Focus on near objects

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49
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the radial iris muscle resulting in pupillary?

A

Dilation

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50
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of obicularis iris resulting in?

A

Constriction

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51
Q

Eternal ear consists of what structures?

A

Pinna and external ear canal

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52
Q

The tympanic membrane separates what two structures?

A

External and middle ear

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53
Q

What bones amplify sound in the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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54
Q

The malleus is attached to what structure?

A

Tympanic membrane

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55
Q

The stapes lies on what structure?

A

Oval window

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56
Q

Function of the:
Cochlea?
Semicircular canals, utricle, saccule?

A

Hearing

Balance

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57
Q

Where is endolymph found in the cochlea?

A

Scala media

58
Q

Where does the cochlea pick up vibration?

A

Sacla vestibuli and tympani

59
Q

Where is mechanical sound vibration turned into electrical impulses?

A

Tectorial membrane (outer hair cells)

60
Q

The utricle contains what that detets linear acceleration?

A

Otoliths/statoconia

61
Q

The saccule with its otoliths detects?

A

Linear acceleration in the vertical plane

62
Q

The semicircular canals are oriented vertically 90o to each monitor and monitor movement in what planes?

A

Sagittal - back and forth
Coronal - L/R bend
Vertical - rtn

63
Q

Four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

64
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 bone and cartilage?

A

Mandible, malleus, incus

Meckel’s cartilage

65
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2 bone and cartilage?

A

Stapes, styloid process, small horn and superior hyoid bone

Reichert’s cartilage

66
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3 bone and cartilage?

A

Greater horn and inferior hyoid

No cartilage

67
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4 bone and cartilage?

A

No bone

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

68
Q

Pharyngeal arch 6 bone and cartilage?

A

No bone

Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages

69
Q

All muscles of the tongue are supplied by hypoglossal EXCEPT palatoglossus which is supplied by?

A

Pharyngeal plexus of vagus

70
Q

All muscles of the palate are supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus EXCEPT tensor veli palatini which is supplied by?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal N

71
Q

All muscles of the larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal N of Vagus EXCEPT cricothyroid which is supplied by?

A

Superior laryngeal br of CN X

72
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid does what to the vocal cords?

A

Abducts

73
Q

Cricothyroid does what to the vocal cords?

A

Tenses

74
Q

Thyroarytenoid does what to the vocal cords?

A

Relaxes

75
Q

Vocalis does what to the vocal cords?

A

Relax posterior part

Tighten anterior part

76
Q

The frontal sinus lies where?

A

Frontal bone above and between orbits

77
Q

The frontal sinus drains into?

A

Hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus of nasal cavity

78
Q

The ethmoid sinus lies between?

A

The orbits: posterior, middle, anterior

79
Q

The ethmoid sinus drains into?

A

Superior (posterior) and middle (middle and anterior) meatus

80
Q

The maxillary sinus drains into?

A

Hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus

81
Q

The sphenoid sinus lies where?

A

sphenoid below pituitary fossa

82
Q

The sphenoid drains into?

A

the spenoethmoidal recess above the superior concha

83
Q

The cervical plexus is derived from?

A

Ventral rami C1-4

84
Q

C1 ventral rami supply what muscles?

A

Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid

85
Q

Ansa cervicalis comes from?

A

C1, 2, 3

86
Q

Ansa cervicalis supplies what muscles?

A

Sternothyroid, sternohyoid, superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid

87
Q

What makes of the great auricular N and what does it supply?

A

C2/3 ventral rami

Most of the ear

88
Q

Lesser occipital nerve comes from? Supplies what?

A

Ventral rami C2/3

skin over back of head to vertex

89
Q

Greater occipital N comes from? Supplies what?

A

C2 dorsal rami over lower part of back of head

90
Q

Transverse cervical N comes from? Supplies what?

A

Ventral rami C2 and 3

Supplies skin over anterior cervical triangle

91
Q

Supraclavicular N comes from? Supplies what?

A

Ventral rami C3/4

Skin over clavicle

92
Q

Brachial plexus is derived from?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

93
Q

Brachial plexus passes between what two muscles in the neck?

A

Anterior and medial scalene

94
Q

The upper trunk of the brachial plexus comes from?
Middle trunk?
Lower trunk?
Where are they located?

A

C5/6
C7
C8/T1
Posterior cervical triangle

95
Q

The trunks of the brachial plexus divide into A/P divisions where?

A

Behind the clavicle

96
Q

The A + P divisions join to form 3 cords around the axillary A. What nerve roots do they come from?
Posterior
Lateral
Medial

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
C5, 6, 7
C8, T1

97
Q

Radial nerve origin? Supplies?

A

C5, 6, 7,8 T1

Triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis, extensors of wrist, abductors of thumb, supinators

98
Q

Median N origin? Supplies?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
Muscles of the forearm (except FCU, ulnar 1/2 flexor digitorum) and Lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis

99
Q

Anterior interosseous branch of the median N innervates?

A

Flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus, radial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus

100
Q

Ulnar N derived from? Supplies?

A

C8/T1

Intrinsic muscles of hand except those supplied by median N

101
Q

Musculocutaneous N is derived from? Supplies?

A

C5, 6, 7

Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis, skin of lateral forearm

102
Q

Axillary N is derived from? Supplies?

A

C5/6

Goes through quadrangular space to supply deltoid, teres minor plus skin over insertion of deltoid

103
Q

Dorsal scapular N is derived from? Supplies?

A

C5

Levator scap, rhomboid major and minor

104
Q

Long thoracic N s derived from? Supplies?

A

C5, 6, 7

Seratus anterior

105
Q

Damage to the Long Thoracic N results in what pathology?

A

Winged scapula

106
Q

Suprascapular N is derived from? Supplies?

A

C5, 6

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus

107
Q

N to subclavius is derived from? Supplies?

A

C5

Subclavius

108
Q

What nerves come off the posterior cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?

A

Upper and lower subscapular C5, 6 (Subscapularis)
Lower subscapular N also supplies teres major
Thoracodorsal N (C6, 7, 8) supplies Latissimus dorsi

109
Q

What nerves come off the medial cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?

A

Medial pectoral N C8/T1 Pectoralis minor and major
Medial brachial cutaneous N skin over medial arm
Madial antebrachial cutaneous N skin over medial forearm

110
Q

What nerves come off the lateral cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?

A

Lateral pectoral N C5, 6, 7

Pectoralis major

111
Q

Damage to C5 and 6 roots causes what pathology?

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy - waiter’s tip deformity (elbow extended, forearm pronated, fingers flexed)

112
Q

Damage to C8 and T1 roots causes what pathology?

A

Klumpke’s palsy - claw hand

113
Q

Lumbar plexus is derived from?

A

Ventral rami L1-4

114
Q

Lumbar plexus is formed within what muscle?

A

Psoas major

115
Q

The nerves of the Lumbar plexus leave the lateral aspect of psoas major except for?

A

Genitofemoral - anteriorly

Obturator - medially

116
Q

Iliohypogastric N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L1

Lower abdomen above inguinal region

117
Q

Ilioinguinal N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L1

Supplies inguinal region

118
Q

Genitofemoral N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L1/2

Medial upper thigh, anterior scrotum, cremasteric muscle

119
Q

Lateral femoral N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L2, 3

Anterolateral aspect of the thigh

120
Q

Femoral N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L2, 3, 4 posterior divisions

Supplies extensor thigh compartment

121
Q

Obturator N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L2, 3, 4 anterior divisions

Supplies adductor thigh compartment

122
Q

What from the lumbar plexus contributes to the formation of the lumbosacral trunk?

A

Ventral rami L4 and 5

123
Q

Lumbosacral plexus is derived from?

A

Ventral rami L4-S4

124
Q

Which ramus is shared by both the lumbar and lumbosacral plexuses?

A

Ventral ramus L4

125
Q

Sacral nerves exit which foramina in the sacrum to form the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Anterior sacral foramina

126
Q

Where do you find the lumbosacral plexus?

A

In front of the piriformis

127
Q

Superior gluteal N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L4, 5, S1

Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL

128
Q

Which foramen in the pelvis does the superior and inferior gluteal N cross through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

129
Q

Inferiorgluteal N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L5, S1, 2

Gluteus maximus

130
Q

Pudendal N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami S2, 3, 4

External anal sphincter, deep and superficial perineal muscles, penis, clitoris, posterior scrotum, labia

131
Q

Sciatic N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L4-S3
Muscles in posterior thigh and all muscle below the knee, skin below the knee except medial strip of leg from saphenous N

132
Q

The sciatic N lies beneath what muscle?

A

Piriformis

133
Q

What are the two parts of the sciatic N?

A

Tibial + Common peroneal/fibular N

134
Q

Tibial N is derived from? Supplies?

A

Ventral rami L4-S3
Posterior compartment of leg and plantar aspect of foot, skin over posterior leg and plantar aspect of foot via medial and lateral plantar br and supplies flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis and 1st lumbrical and everything else is lateral in sole of foot

135
Q

Common peroneal/fibular N is derived from? Supplies (with br)?

A

Ventral rami L4-S2
Superficial - fibularis longus/brevis, skin of dorsum of foot except web btw 1st/2nd toe
Deep: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis/digitorum longus, peroneus tertius, skin of web space btw 1/2 toes

136
Q

Deep fibular/peroneal N passes through what muscle and doesn’t supply it?

A

Peroneus/fibularis longus

137
Q

What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis? Below?

A

Above: superior gluteal N/A/V
Below: pudendal, inferioir gluteal N/A/V

138
Q

What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudenal N, internal pudendal A, V, N to obturator internus, tendon of obturator internus

139
Q 
Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
C5
C6
C7
C8
A

Shoulder, deltoid (abduct shoulder), biceps brachii
lateral forearm to thumb, biceps brachii (flex elbow), brachioradialis
Middle finger, triceps (extend elbow), triceps
Little finger to medial forearm, flexor digitorum

140
Q 
Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
T1
T2
T7
T10
T12
A 
Medial elbow, palmer interossei no reflex
Axilla - - 
Xiphoid
Umbilicus
Suprapubic
141
Q 
Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
A

Inguinal
Anterior thigh, iliopsoas, -
Lateral thigh, quadriceps femoris (ext knee), patellar
Medial leg, medial big toe, tibialis anterior (heel walk) patellar
Dorsum of foot, extensor hallucis longus, hamstring
Lateral foot, peroneus longus (toe walk), ankle

Chiro Essentials Spinal Anatomy (3 decks)

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