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Chiro Essentials Spinal Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord comes from the neural tube which develops from what embryological tissue that is under the influence of Sonic Hedgehog?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

When is folic acid the most important during embryological development?

A

1st trimester for neurulation

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3
Q

When is the neural plate formed?

A

3rd week of gestation

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4
Q

Sensory neurons in the dorsal horn grey matter are differentiated from which embryological tissue?

A

Alar plates

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5
Q

Motor neurons in the ventral horn grey matter are differentiated from which embryological tissue?

A

basal plates

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6
Q

What cells line the central canal that create CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to what structures?

A

DRG, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, macroglia, meninges (arachnoid/pia), enteric ganglia, Schwann cells, Sympathetic ganglia

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8
Q

Microglia and the dura mater are derived from what embryological tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

Where does the spinal cord end and begin?

A

Foramen magnum - L1/2 in adult

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10
Q

Regional enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

C6, lumbosacral regions for brachial and lumbosacral plexus

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11
Q

The dilated end of the spinal cord is called?

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

The nerves that leave the end of the spinal cord are known as?

A

Cauda eqina

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13
Q

What meningeal layer contains the CSF?

A

Arachnoid with the CSF beneath the subarachnoid space

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14
Q

What anchors the pia mater?

A

filum terminale and dentate ligaments

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15
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

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16
Q

Filum terminale internum extends from?

A

Conus medullaris to end of dural sac @S2

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17
Q

Filum terminale externum extends from?

A

Thin layer of dura and ext to coccyx as coccygeal ligament

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18
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31 segments

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19
Q

The dura and arachnoid are continuous with what coating around pinal nerves?

A

Epineurium

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20
Q

What are the three bundles of funiculi in the white matter?

A

Posterior, anterior, lateral

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21
Q

The posterior/dorsal column tracts carry?

A

Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception

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22
Q

Axons from the lower limb carrying Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception synapse where?

A

Nucleus gracilis in the medulla

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23
Q

Axons from the upper limb carrying Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception synapse where?

A

Nucleus cuneatus in the medulla

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24
Q

In the anterolateral system contains which pathways and what information do they carry?

A 
Lateral spinothalamic (Pain and temperature)
Ventral spinothalamic (Crude touch and pressure)
Spinoreticular (mediating autonomic responses to nociception)
Spinotectal (Role in activating eye movements in response to tactile stimuli)
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25
Q

What are the descending tracts and what function do they have?

A

Lateral corticospinal: voluntary control of muscles in the limbs
Ventral Corticospinal: Voluntary control of the muscles in the head, neck and trunk
Rubrospinal: excites proximal flexors and inhibits extensors in upper limb
Reticulospinal: Restricts voluntary movements through the gamme motor neurons
Tectospinal: coordinates head and eye turning in respone to visual input
Vestibulospinal: involved in postural reflexes (neck muscles, extensors of back and limbs)
Raphespinal: inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin and acts on the C fibers

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26
Q 
Dorsal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
A 
Ascending
Mechanoreceptors, vibration and fine touch
Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus
Medulla
VPL nucleus of thalamus
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27
Q 
Spinothalamic :
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
A

Ascending
Nociceptors, thermoreceptors, crude touch and pressure receptors
Lamina I/II in dorsal horn of grey matter
Spinal Cord
VPL nucleus of thalamus

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28
Q 
Dorsal Spinocerebellar:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
A

Ascending
Unconcious proprioception from the ipsilateral lower limb
Clarke’s/dorsal nucleus in thoracic region
Remains ipsilateral
Cerebellum via inf cerebellar peduncle

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29
Q 
Ventral Spinocerebellar column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
A

Ascending
Unconscious proprioception from both lower and upper limb
Lamina VII
2x: spinal cord and pons
Cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle

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30
Q 
Rubrospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Red nucleus
Midbrain
Laminae V-VIII

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31
Q 
Tectospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Tectum of midbrain
Midbrain
Lamina VI and VIII

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32
Q 
Lateral corticospinal AKA pyramidal tract column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Pre-central gyrus
Medulla
Laminae IV-IX

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33
Q 
Ventral corticospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Pre-central gyrus
Spinal cord @level of exit
Laminae VI-IX (pyramidal cells mostly V)

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34
Q 
Reticulospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Reticular formation
Various levels
Laminae VIII

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35
Q 
Vestibulospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Vestibular nuclei
Uncrossed
Laminae VI, VIII

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36
Q 
Raphespinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
A

Descending
Raphe nucleus
Uncrosed
Laminae I, II, V

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37
Q

The intermediolateral horn is found where? Carries what?

A

T1-L2, Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

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38
Q

Lamina I lies underneath what structure?

A

Dorsolateral fasiculus (of Lissauer)

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39
Q

What does Lamina I contain?

A

neurons which synapse with 1st order neurons and send axons to spinothalamic tracts on opposite side

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40
Q

Lamina II/Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando has small neurons that respond to what noxious stimuli carried by C fibers?

A

Substance P (lots in Lamina I and II)

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41
Q

Lamina III and IV are jointed together and known as?

A

Nucleus proprius

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42
Q

Lamina III and IV main input?

A

Fibers that carry proprioception and light touch

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43
Q

Lamina V contain neurons that respond to?

A

Noxious and visceral afferent stimuli

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44
Q

Lamina VI is the deepest layer in which horn?

A

Dorsal horn

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45
Q

Lamina VI receives what type of input?

A

Mechanical signals from skin and joints

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46
Q

Lamina VII contains what nuclei?

A

Dorsal/Clarke’s nucleus and intermediolateral horn/nucleus

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47
Q

What segments is Clarke’s column present?

A

T6-L1

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48
Q

What information is carried in Clarke’s column?

A

Unconscious proprioception from the legs via dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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49
Q

Laminae VIII contains neurons with what information?

A

Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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50
Q

Lamina IX contains alpha motor neurons which go to? Gamma motor neurons which go to?

A

Extrafusal skeletal musces

Intrafusal fibers in the muscle spindles

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51
Q

Lamina X is the small area of grey matter around the spinal cord and is known as the?

A

Grey commissure

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52
Q

Segmental spinal arteries give rise to?

A

Radicular and segmental medullary arteries

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53
Q

Segemental medullary arteries feed into?

A

Anterior spinal and posterior spinal arteries

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54
Q

The vertebral arteries come from what?

A

Anterior artery, posterior spinal arteries

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55
Q

The large radicular A aka Great Radicular A (of Adamkiewicz) supplies? and comes from where?

A

Lower 1/2-2/3 of the spinal cord

L side of lower posterior intercostal or upper lumbar A

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56
Q

Anterior spinal A supplies?

A

~ant 2/3 of the spinal cord

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57
Q

Two combined posterior spinal A supply?

A

Post 1/3 of the C

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58
Q 
Upper motor neuron lesion:
Reflex
Tone
Atrophy
Fasiculations
Babinski sign
A 
Increased w/clonus
Spastic (inc)
Absent
absent
Present (upgoing toe)
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59
Q 
Lower motor neuron lesion:
Reflex
Tone
Atrophy
Fasiculations
Babinski sign
A 
Decreased or absent
Flaccid (dec tone)
Present
Present
Absent (down going tone)
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60
Q

Rostral end of the neural tube develops what embryological day?

A

21

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61
Q

Rostral end of the neural tube closes what embryological day?

A

25

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62
Q

1st vesicle of the notochord (prosencephalon/forebrain) develops into secondary vesicles which develop into?

A

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles) –> diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamic nuclei)

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63
Q

2nd vesicle of the notochord (mesencephalon/midbrain) becomes?

A

The midbrain

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64
Q

3rd vesicle of the notochord is the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) which further develops into?

A

Metencephalon –> pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon –> medulla

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65
Q

What are the three types of macroglia?

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

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66
Q

Astrocyte function

A

BBB (no fenestrations except in hypothalamus and area postrema)

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67
Q

Ependymal cell function

A

Line ventricle and make CSF

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68
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in CNS and PNS respectively

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69
Q

Microglia cells are derives from what?

A

mesoderm

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70
Q

Commissural fibers are found in what CNS structures?

A

Anterior and posterior commissures, corpus callosum

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71
Q

White commissural fibers in the spinal cord for tracts do or do not decussate?

A

They do

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72
Q

White Association fibers connect one part w/another on the same hemisphere - which senses use these?

A

Visual and auditory

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73
Q

White projection fibers from brain to spinal cord or vice versa are found in?

A

Corticospinal tract

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74
Q

The anterior communicating artery connects what other arteries in the circle of Willis?

A

2 anterior cerebral arteries of the internal carotids

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75
Q

The posterior communicating artery connects what other arteries in the circle of Willis?

A

Internal carotid A to posterior cerebral A which is a terminal br of the basilar A

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76
Q

The middle cerebral A is or is not a part of the circle of Willis?

A

Is not

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77
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere up to parieto-occipital fissure motor (4), sensory (3, 1, 2) areas related to the trunk and lower limbs

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78
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Occipital lobe (Broadmann areas 17, 18, 19), inferior portion of temporal lobe, midbrain, thalamus

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79
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Broca’s area (Brodmann area 44, 45) and motor and sensory control areas of the face and upper limbs, upper temporal lobe and Wernicke’s are (Brodmann Area 22)

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80
Q

What does the superior cerebellar artery supply?

A

superior cerebellum

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81
Q

What does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

anterior inferior cerebellum

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82
Q

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Posterior inferior part of the cerebellum

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83
Q

What does the Basilar artery supply?

A

pons which contains nuclei for CN V, VI, VII,VIII

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84
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply?

A

Medulla and nuclei of CN IX, X, XI, XII

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85
Q

How does CO2 regulate levels of blood supply to the brain?

A

Causes vasodilation to increase blood supply

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86
Q

The neurons of CN I in the cribriform plate contain what type of cell in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Specialized sensory bipolar neurons

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87
Q

The cribriform plate is part of what bone?

A

Ethmoid

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88
Q

CN I specialized sensory bipolar neurons with synapse with what cells in the olfactory bulb?

A

Mitral cells

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89
Q

Where do mitral cells end?

A

In the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

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90
Q

How is smell linked with memory?

A

Shared connections between the primary olfactory cortex and the hippocampus

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91
Q

How is smell linked with emotions??

A

The primary olfactory cortex shares connections with the limbic system

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92
Q

Which sensory cranial N is not linked to the thalamus before termination of tract?

A

CN I

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93
Q

Where are rods and cones located?

A

Back of the eye in the retina

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94
Q

Visual impulses are sent to the optic nerve via axons of which cells?

A

ganglion cells

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95
Q

Where do the optic nerves X?

A

Optic chiasm

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96
Q

The optic chiasm lies above what structure?

A

The pituitary gland/fossa

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97
Q

Which fibers X in the optic chiasm?

A

Fibers carrying information from the nasal/temporal field of vision

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98
Q

Damage at the optic chiasm will present with?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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99
Q

Fibers from the optic nerve synapse in what part of the thalamus?

A

Lateral geniculate body

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100
Q

CN II that continue from the thalamus do so as the? to where?

A

Geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiation), 1o visual cortex

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101
Q

Damage to the geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiation) will present as?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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102
Q

Where is the 1o visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine fissure (Brodmann Area 17)

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103
Q

Damage to the 1o visual cortex presents as?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia w/macular sparing

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104
Q

What muscles does CN III supply?

A

superior rectus (up), inferior rectus (down), medial rectus (in), inferior oblique (up/out)

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105
Q

The oculomotor N carries parasympathetic fibers to what muscle and body via the ciliary ganglion from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain?

A

Circular iris mucle

Ciliary body

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106
Q

CN IV supplies what muscle and what does that muscle do?

A

Superior oblique turns eye down and out

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107
Q

How do you test CN IV?

A

Ask pt to look in and down

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108
Q

What is the only CN to exit the brainstem dorsally?

A

CN IV (trochlear)

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109
Q

CN VI innervates what muscle and what does it do?

A

Lateral rectus - abducts eye

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110
Q

Two nuclei of the trigeminal N and what they fibers they hold?

A 
Large sensory - general somatic afferent fibers
Small motor (special visceral efferent fibers)
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111
Q

The motor nucleus of the trigeminal N lies where? Supplies what muscles?

A

Pons
Muscles of mastication: Temporalis, Internal/medial pterygoid, masseter, external/lateral pterygoid and mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

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112
Q

The mesencephalic nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?

A

Midbrain

Proprioception

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113
Q

The Main/principal nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?

A

Pons

Touch

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114
Q

The Spinal nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?

A

Medulla–>upper cervical segments of the SC

Pain and temperature

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115
Q

What are the three divisions of CN V?

A

CN V1: ophthalmic
CN V2: Maxillary
CN V3: Mandibular

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116
Q

CN V1 gives rise to what branches that pass through the superior orbital foramen?

A

NFL: nasociliary, frontal, lacrimal

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117
Q

CN V2 gives rise to what branches that pass through the foramen rotundum?

A

PINZ: Pharyngeal, infraorbital, nasopalatine, zygomatic

118
Q

CN V3 gives rise to what branches that pass through the foramen ovale?

A

N to medial pterygoid
Anterior division: deep temporal N (motor), N to lateral pterygoid (motor), N to masseter (motor), Buccal N (sensory)
Posterior division: lingual, inferior alveolar, auriculotemporal (sensory), muscular br to mylohyoid (motor)

119
Q

The ciliary ganglion is attached to the ophthalmic division of CN V (nasociliary N) which receives what fibers?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus via CN III

120
Q

The pterygopalatine ganglion is attached to the maxillary division of CN V which receives?

A

parasympathetic fibers from the Superior Salivary nucleus via CN VII

121
Q

The otic ganglion is attached to the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of CN V which receives?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the Inferior Salivary Nucleus via CN IX

122
Q

The submandibular ganglion is attached to the lingual br of the posterior division of the mandibular division of CN V which receives?

A

Paraympathetic fibers from the superior salivary nucleus via CN VII

123
Q

What are the four nuclei of CN VII and what fibers do they hold?

A

Motor (nucleus of the pons): special visceral efferent fibers
Ordinary sensation (Sensory nucleus of the trigeminal N): general somatic afferents
Parasympathetic (superior salivary nucleus): general visceral efferent fibers
Taste (solitary tract nucleus): special visceral afferent fibers

124
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of CN VII located?

A

Pons

125
Q

Where does CN VII leave the brain stem?

A

Pontomedullary angle

126
Q

Where does CN VII enter the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone

127
Q

Where does CN VII leave the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen in the temporal bone

128
Q

CN VII carries motor fibers to the muscles of facial expression via what branches?

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

Ten zebras broke my car

129
Q

T/F CN VII also innervates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear and the intrinsic muscles of the ear and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

F CN VII also innervates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear and the EXTRINSIC muscles of the ear and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

130
Q

CN VII conveys taste to what part of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3

131
Q

CN VII coneys taste via what neural pathway?

A

Chorda tympani and nervus intermedius to nucleus tractus solitarius

132
Q

Chorda tympani also carries parasympathetic innervation from the superior salivary nucleus to the submandibular and sblingual salivary glands via ?

A

Submandibular ganglion of CN V3

133
Q

Chorda tympani also carries parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland via?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion of CN V2

134
Q

Taste and parasympathetic fibers are carried by the chorda tympani which connects the facial N to?

A

Lingual br of CN V3

135
Q

Where is the taste of sweet found in the tongue and what CN carries it?

A

Tip of tongue

CN VII

136
Q

Where is the taste of salt found in the tongue and what CN carries it?

A

Sides of tongue

CN VII

137
Q

Where is the taste of bitter and sour found in the tongue and what CN carries it?

A

Posterior 1/3

CN IX

138
Q

The facial N carries a few general sensory afferent fibers from the skin of the external ear canal Via?

A

Auricular br of CN X (goes to trigeminal sensory nucleus before crossing to VPM nucleus of thalamus)

139
Q

Cochlear fibers of CN VIII arise from?

A

Bipolar spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea from organs of Corti in the inner ear

140
Q

How do cochlear fibers of CN VIII reach the lateral aspect of the medulla?

A

Traverse internal auditory meatus

141
Q

Where do the cochlear fibers of CN VIII terminate and go onto from there?

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in medulla and X to opposite side to end in trapezoid body to inferior colliculus to medigal geniculate body of thalamus, to 1o auditory cortex in middle of the superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22)

142
Q

Vestibular fibers of CN VIII arise from what structures that respond to what types of accelertion?

A

Semicircular canals (angular acc), utricle and saccule (linear acc) in inner ear

143
Q

Vestibular fiber pathway of CN VIII?

A

Enter medulla medial to cochlear division, vestibular nuclei in floor of 4th ventricle, pass to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle

144
Q

What do the efferent fibers ending in the hair cells in the organ of Corti of CN VIII do?

A

Modulate stiffness of hair cells to attenuate large sounds

145
Q

What muscle does CN IX supply with motor fibers from what nucleus?

A

Stylopharngeus, nucleus ambiguus

146
Q

CN IX gives sensation to what part of the tongue? Taste? To which nuclei?

A

Posterior 1/3 sensory nucleus of CN V and nucleus solitarius (in medulla)

147
Q

CN IX carries parasympathetic to what gland via what pathway?

A

Parotid gland

Otic ganglion of CN V3 from inferior salivary nucleus in medulla

148
Q

Where does CN IX leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

149
Q

The carotid br of CN IX runs along the internal carotid to supply the carotid body with? And the carotid sinus with?

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors

150
Q

What type of fibers does CN X carry?

A

Specialized visceral efferent from nucleus ambiguus (branchomotor), generalized visceral efferent from dorsal motor nucleus of CN X (visceromotor), general somatic afferent related to spinal nucleus CN V(sensory), general visceral afferent from solitary nucleus (sensory), special vvisceral afferent from base of tongue to solitary nucleus (taste)

151
Q

Where does CN X leave the brain stem?

A

Groove btw olive and cerebellum

152
Q

Where does CN X leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

153
Q

The tympanic br of CN X enters the middle ear to form what?

A

tympanic plexus

154
Q

Below the jugular foramen CN x passes between what muscles?

A

Superior and middle constrictors

155
Q

The terminal branches of CN X supply?

A

Root of tongue, tonsils, muscles, mucosa of pharynx

156
Q

CN X carries parasympathetic fibers to the thorax and abdomen as far as?

A

Transverse colon

157
Q

What type of fibers does CN X carry FROM the abdomen and thorax?

A

Sensory

158
Q

Where does the cranial part of CN XI come from?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

159
Q

Where does the spinal part of CN XI originate from?

A

C1-5 spinal nuclei

160
Q

Where does the cranial part of CN XI leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

161
Q

The cranial part of CN XI leaves the jugular foramen to join the vagus N to supply muscle of what?

A

Palate, pharynx and larynx

162
Q

Where does the spinal part of CN XI enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

163
Q

What muscle does the spinal part of CN XI pierce and supply?

A

SCM and trapezius

164
Q

CN XII supplies all muscles of the tongue except?

A

Palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus of the vagus)

165
Q

Where does CN XII originate in the brainstem?

A

Groove btw pyramid and olive in medulla

166
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal foramen in the occipital bone

167
Q

CN XII descends btw what blood vessels before looping upward to supply the tongue?

A

Internal carotid A and internal jugular V

168
Q

Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch I?

A

CN V: muscles of mastication, tenor veli palatini, tensor tympani, ant belly of digastric

169
Q

Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 2?

A

CN VII: muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric

170
Q

Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 3?

A

CN IX: stylopharyngeus

171
Q

Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 4?

A

CN X: muscles of the pharynx and larynx

172
Q

The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains what structures?

A

Caudate, Lentiform nucleus

173
Q

The posterior limb of the internal capsule lies between what structures?

A

lentiform nucleus and thalamus

174
Q

The basal ganglia is made up of what structures?

A

Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus

175
Q

The basal ganglia control?

A

Complex patterns of voluntary motor behaviour

176
Q

The internal capsule anterior limb carries what fibers?

A

Thalamocortical (sensory from below the head)

177
Q

The internal capsule posterior limb carries what fibers?

A

Corticospinal tract (motor to below the head), auditory and visual association and thalamocortical

178
Q

The internal capsule genu (bend) carries what fibers?

A

Corticobulbar fibers (motor fibers to the head)

179
Q

Blood supply to the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior and middle cerebral A

180
Q

Blood supply to the genu limb of the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral A

181
Q

Blood supply to the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral and anterior choroidal A from internal carotid A

182
Q

The ventral posterolateral nucleus receives what input?

A

Neck down

183
Q

The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives what input?

A

head

184
Q

The lateral geniculate body receives what input?

A

Visual input to superior colliculus

185
Q

The medial geniculate body receives what input?

A

Auditory input to inferior colliculus

186
Q

The lentiform nucleus is made up of?

A

Putamen, globus pallidus externa and interna

187
Q

The Corpus striatum is made up of?

A

Caudate and putamen

188
Q

The R/L cerebellar hemispheres are joined by what?

A

The vermis

189
Q

The 3 layers to the cerebellar cortex are?

A

Outer molecular, middle purkinje, inner granular

190
Q

The three types of fibers in the cerebellum are?

A

parallel, mossy, climbing (clinging)

191
Q

The 3 cerebellar peduncles and what goes through them?

A

Superior: out to cerebral cortex via midbrain and thalamus
Middle: input from cortex via pons w/cortico-ponto-cerebellar fiber
Inferior: minor input from body via medulla carrying dorsal spinocerebellar tract

192
Q

The three cerebellar lobes and their function:

A

Anterior paleo/spinocerebellum: balance of arms and legs
Posterior neo/cerebrocerebellum: receives info from the cortex
Flocculonodular archi/vestibulocerebellum:balance of the trunk

193
Q

The three main nuclei of the cerebellum from medial to lateral and what information they hold?

A

Fastigial nucleus - spine
Interposed - globose - proximal joints + emboliform - middle joints
Dentate - distal joints

194
Q

The three cerebellar arteries and where they came from?

A

Superior cerebellar from Basilar
Anterior inferior from Basilar
Posterior inferior from Vertebral

195
Q

BBB is made up of three structures what are they?

A

Processes of astrocytes, tight junctions btw non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells and the basement membrane

196
Q

What can freely cross the BBB?

A

oxygen, CO2, glucose, amino acids (lipid soluble substances)

197
Q

Can bacteria X the BBB?

A

No

198
Q

Fenestrated capillaries w/o the BBB exist in what three areas of the brain?

A

area postrema, neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) and pineal gland

199
Q

The vertebral A is derived from which A?

A

Subclavian A

200
Q

Where does Part 1 of the vertebral A occur?

A

Btw Subclavian A to the Transverse foramen of C6 behind the carotid tubercle

201
Q

What does Part 1 of the vertebral A pass between 2 muscles?

A

Longus coli and anterior scalene

202
Q

Where does Part 2 of the vertebral A occur?

A

Lies in the transverse foramen of C6 to C1

203
Q

Part 2 of the vertebral A is relatively fixed at which location?

A

C2 and C1

204
Q

Part 2 of the vertebral A is accompanied by?

A

Vertebral V and sympathetic N

205
Q

Part 3 of the vertebral A occurs between?

A

C1 and the foramen magnum

206
Q

Which part of the vertebral is most prone to dissection?

A

Part 3

207
Q

Part 3 of the vertebral A follows what pathway?

A

Passes behind lateral mass of C1, lie on posterior arch passes beneath posterior atlanto-occipital membrane to turn upward to pass through foramen magnum

208
Q

Where is part 4 of the vertebral A?

A

Above foramen magnum, forward anterior to medulla, ends @lower pons by joining with other Vertebral A to form the basilar A

209
Q

Branches of the vertebral A?

A

cervical, anterior spinal, posterior spinal, posterior inferior cerbellar, medullary

210
Q

Middle cerebral A insufficiency syndrome symptoms?

A

Contralateral paralysis (Broadmann area 4 - precentral gyrus), aphasia (Broca’s area/Brodmann area 45 and 44), sensory loss (anterior limb of internal capsule), motor loss (posterior limb of internal capsule)

211
Q

PICA/Wallenberg/lateral medullary syndrome symptoms?

A

dysphagia, ataxia, ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome, ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the face, contralateral loss of pain and temperature of the body

212
Q

Medial medullary syndrome is occlusion of what artery? With what symptoms?

A

Vertebral A

contralateral spastic hemiplegia, loss of touch, vibration and pressure

213
Q

Clause’s syndrome is occlusion of what? Symptoms?

A

blood supply to dorsal midbrain

Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia and tremor

214
Q

Weber/medial midbrain syndrome is occlusion of? Symptoms?

A

Perforating br of posterior cerebral A

Contralateral spastic paralysis w/ipsilateral CN III weakness

215
Q

CSF is produced by?

A

Choroid plexus in lateral ventricles

216
Q

Flow of CSF?

A

Lateral ventricle through interventricular foramina of Monro to 3rd ventricle through cerebral queduct of Sylvius to 4th ventricle through lateral foramina of Luschka and median foramen of Magendie

217
Q

Where is the cisterna magna?

A

Btw the medulla and cerebellum

218
Q

Where is the pontine cistern?

A

Below the pons

219
Q

Where is the interpeduncular cistern?

A

Btw cerebral peduncles

220
Q

Where is the chiasmatic cistern?

A

Below the optic chiasm

221
Q

Where is the lumbar cistern?

A

In the lumbar and sacral region

222
Q

CSF drains into? Which open into what sinus?

A

Arachnoid granulations

Superior sagittal sinus

223
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus found?

A

Falx cerebri

224
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?

A

R transverse sinus

225
Q

Where is the right transverse sinus?

A

In the tentorium cerebelli

226
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus is where?

A

Falx cerebri

227
Q

What vein drains into the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Great cerebral V of Galen

228
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus drains into?

A

The Straight sinus

229
Q

The straight sinus drains into?

A

The L transverse sinus

230
Q

Sometimes the superior sagittal and straight sinuses join to form?

A

Confluence of sinuses

231
Q

The transverse sinuses become the?

A

Sigmoid sinuses

232
Q

What drains into the simoid sinus?

A

superior petrosal sinus

233
Q

The sigmoid sinus exits the skull through what opening? What does it become?

A

Jugular foramen

Internal jugular vein

234
Q

The inferior petrosal sinus exits the skull through?

A

Jugular foramen

235
Q

What does the inferior petrosal sinus drain into?

A

Superior bulb of the internal jugular V

236
Q

T/F Intercavernous sinuses link the cavernous sinuses on either side of the sella turcica

A

T

237
Q

Pharyngeal arch 6 gives rise to what CN and what does it supply?

A

CN X muscles of the larynx

238
Q

Sympathetic division of the ANS originates in what nuclei?

A

Posterior nulcei in hypothalamus

239
Q

Preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the ANS are derived from?

A

Intermediolateral horn of SC T1-L2

240
Q

Associated ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located where in the spine?

A

Paravertebral

241
Q

Preganglionic vs postganglionic characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS??

A

Pre: Short, myelinated, white fibers
Post: long, unmyelinated, grey

242
Q

Long preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS synapse where?

A

Cardiac plexus (T1-4 ganglia)
Greater splanchnic N (T5-9 ganglia to celiac ganglion)
Lesser splanchnic N (T10/11 to superior mesenteric ganglion)
Least splanchnic N (T12 to aortico-renal ganglion)
Inferior hypogastric (L1/2)

243
Q

Preganglionic ympathetic fibers from T1/2 ascend in trunk to synapse where?

A

Inferioir, middle, sympathetic ganglia

244
Q

The neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system is what? Except in sweat glands? What about the sympathetic ganglia?

A

Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine –> nicotinic receptor

245
Q

Parasympathetic division of the ANS originates in what nuclei?

A

nuclei in anterior hypothalamus

246
Q

Parasympathetic information is carries by which nerves?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2, 3, 4

247
Q

T/F the parasympathetic division of the ANS has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers

A

F the preganglionic fibers are long because the ganglia are closer to end organs

248
Q

What neurotransmitter is released in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine

249
Q

Ciliary ganglion (CN III) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?

A

In orbit
Nasociliary br of CN V1
Sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliary mucles

250
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?

A

In pterygopalatine fossa
Trunk of CN V2
Lacrial, nasal, palatine glands

251
Q

Submandibular ganglion (CN VII) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?

A

On hypoglossl muscle
Lingual br of CN V3
On submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

252
Q

Otic ganglion (CN IX) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?

A

Foramen ovale, auriculotemporal br of CN V3

Parotid gland

253
Q

Which tissues receive only sympathetic innervation?

A

Arrector pili, blood vessels, sweat glands

254
Q

Which tissues receive only parasympathetic innervation?

A

Bronchial glands

255
Q

Salivary gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Reduce secretions
Mucarinic ACh receptor
Stimulate secretion

256
Q

Pupil size:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Dilates pupil (radial constriction)
alpha adrenergic
Constricts pupil

257
Q

Ciliary muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Relaxes for far vision
Alpha adrenergic
Contracts for near vision

258
Q

Gut muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Inhibits
alpha adrenergic
Stimulates

259
Q

Sphincters: Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Contract
Alpha adrenergic
Relaxes

260
Q

Sex Organs:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Causes ejaculation
Alpha adrenergic
Causes erection/engorgement

261
Q

Cardiac muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Increase rate and F
B-1 adrenergic
Slows heart rate

262
Q

Coronary Vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Causes vasodilation
B-2 adrenergic
Causes vasoconstriction

263
Q

Bronchial muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Relax - bronchodilation
B-2 adrenergic
Bronchoconstriction

264
Q

Bladder wall:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Relax
B-2 adrenergic
Contracts

265
Q

Bronchial gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

none
Muscarinic Ach receptor
stimulates secretions

266
Q

Sweat gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Inc sweat production

Muscarinic Ach receptor

267
Q

Blood vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Cause vasoconstriction

Alpha adrenergic

268
Q

Hair muscles:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Contracts arrector pili

alpha adrenergic

269
Q

Skeletal blood vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Vasodilation

B-2 adrenergic

270
Q

Adrenal medulla:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?

A

Stimulates secretions

Nicotinic Ach receptor

271
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors cause contraction in what tisue?

A

Smooth muscle

272
Q

B adrenergic receptors found in the heart are what type?

A

Beta 2

273
Q

B adrenergic receptors found in the fat are what type?

A

Beta 3

274
Q

What is the function of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

275
Q

What is the function of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle

276
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus of Auerbach found?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

277
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach?

A

Regulates motility of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

278
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors cause contraction in what tisue?

A

Smooth muscle

279
Q

B adrenergic receptors found in the heart are what type?

A

Beta 2

280
Q

B adrenergic receptors found in the fat are what type?

A

Beta 3

281
Q

What is the function of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

282
Q

Pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck results in a reflex which slows the heart rate and causes a drop in blood pressure … what type of reflex is this? What nerves mediate this reflex?

A

Viscerovisceral reflex

Reflex is mediated by CN IX (afferent) and sympathetic N to heart (efferent)

283
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus of Auerbach found?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

284
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach?

A

Regulates motility of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

285
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus of Meissner?

A

Under the mucosa

286
Q

What is the purpose of the submucosal plexus of Meissner?

A

Regulates secretion of intestines

287
Q

Nociception from the esophagus to the splenic flexure is carried by?

A

Sympathetic fibers

288
Q

Afferent parasympathetic fibers carry nociception to what parts of the GI tract and male genitourinary tract?

A

Splenic flexure to rectum, bladder and prostate

289
Q

Pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck results in a reflex which slows the heart rate and causes a drop in blood pressure … what type of reflex is this? What nerves mediate this reflex?

A

Viscerovisceral reflex

Reflex is mediated by CN IX (afferent) and sympathetic N to heart (efferent)

290
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex is inflation of lung triggers diaphragm to reflex mediated by vagus (afferent) and phrenic (efferent) nerves. What type of reflex is this?

A

Viscerosomatic reflex

291
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder causes spasm of paravertebral muscles in region of T9 myotome (infrascapular muscles). What type of reflex is this?

A

Viscerosomatic

292
Q

Paraspinal muscle spasm by internal disc disruption causing spinal nerve root irritation which results in visceral dysfunction. What type of reflex is this?

A

Somatovisceral reflex

Chiro Essentials Spinal Anatomy (3 decks)

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