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Anatomy Head And Spine > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

cervical vertebrae and nerves

A

7 vertebrae

8 nerves

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2
Q

vertebral body of cervical vert.

A

short and small

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3
Q

vert foramen of cervical vert.

A

triangular and wide

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4
Q

transverse process feature of cervical vert.

A

has foramen transversarium for vertebral arteries

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5
Q

spinous process of cervical vert

A

bifid

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6
Q

vertebral body of thoracic vert

A

heart shaped

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7
Q

vert foramen of thoracic vert

A

circular

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8
Q

transverse process features of thoracic vert

A

articulation with the ribs

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9
Q

vertebral body of lumbar vert

A

large

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10
Q

vert foramen of lumbar vert

A

triangular

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11
Q

transverse process features of lumbar vert

A

long and thin

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12
Q

what collagen types make up the annulus fibrosus?

what is the purpose of having these types?

A

type I and II

limits rotations

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13
Q

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus?

A

distribute pressure evenly across the disc

absorbs compression forces

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14
Q

what leads to protrusion of the disk? what also happens?

A

degenerative changes to the annulus fibrosus

also herniates the nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

what type of herniation impinges directly on the spinal cord?

A

central disk herniation

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16
Q

what does a posterolateral herniation impinge?

A

roots of spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen

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17
Q

at which disk level do disk herniations most commonly occur?

A

L5/S1

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18
Q

what is the result of a L5/S1 herniation?

A

compression of the sciatic nerve roots

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19
Q

pain in sciatica

A

starts in lower back/buttock and radiates to the foot

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20
Q

which ligament is between the tips of the spinous processes?

A

supraspinous ligament

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21
Q

which ligament is between adjacent spinous processes?

A

interspinous ligaments

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22
Q

ligamenta flava

A

between vertebral arches

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23
Q

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

cover and connect the vertebral bodies

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24
Q

which ligament is injured in whiplash?

A

hyper extension of the neck injures the anterior longitudinal ligament

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25
Q

what is the degeneration of the spine?

A

spondylosis

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26
Q

what is the inflammation of vertebrae?

A

spondylitis

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27
Q

what is the result of stress fractures of the pars interarticularis?

A

spondylolysis

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28
Q

what is the result of forward displacement of vertebra?

A

spondylolisthesis

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29
Q

what is the deepest muscle group in the back?

A

erector spinae

30
Q

what is the function of the erector spinae?

A

extension of vert column

31
Q

how is the erector spinae divided?

A

3 columns:

  • medial= spinalis
  • intermediate= longissimus
  • lateral= iliocostalis
32
Q

which C vert is axis?

A

C2

33
Q

which C vert is atlas?

A

C1

34
Q

to what part of the cranium does the atlas join to?

A

occipital condyles

35
Q

what happens to C1 during embyronic development?

what does this lead to the formation of?

A

loses its vertebral body to C2

formation of dens of axis

36
Q

unique feature of transition from C1 to C2 vertebral body?

A

no intervertebral disk

37
Q

where does the dens of the axis articulate to the atlas?

what joint does this form?

A

posterior aspect of anterior arch of the atlas

atlanto-axial joint

38
Q

what holds the dens of the axis in place?

A

transverse ligament of the atlas

39
Q

what connects the dens to the tubercles of the occipital condyles?

A

the alar ligaments connect the dens to the tubercles on the medial aspect of the occipital condyles

40
Q

what is the Atlanto-occiptal joint made of?

what is it responsible for

A

formed by articulation between occipital condyles and the superior articular surfaces of C1

this is responsible for nodding action of the head (flexion and extension)

41
Q

what is the atlanto-axial joint made of?

what is it responsible for?

A

formed by articulation of facet of anterior arch of the atlas to the dens of the axis

responsbile for head shaking action (lateral rotation)

42
Q

what is a Jefferson Fracture?

A

the driving of the occipital condyles into the lateral masses of C1 due to axial loading along the axis of the cervical spine

43
Q

what muscle connect the atlas to the axis?

what do they also do?

A

subocciptal muscles

connect the atlas to the base of the skull

44
Q

which nerve root innervate the suboccipital muscles?

A

C1 root

45
Q

movement ability of the cervical spine?

A

everything

46
Q

movement ability of the thoracic spine?

A

limited flexion and extension

able to rotate and lateral flex

47
Q

movement ability of the lumbar spine?

A

limited rotation

able to flex/extend and laterally flex

48
Q

what causes the various limitation in the movement of the parts of the vertebrae?

A

the restrictions set by the shape of the superior and inferior articular processes.

49
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

lateral deviation of the v.column

50
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

excessive concave curvature

51
Q

what is lordosis?

A

excessive convex curvature

52
Q

what are the similarities between the spinal meninges and cranial meninges?

A

has 3 layers: dura, arachnoid, pia (subarachnoid space with CSF)

53
Q

what are the differences between the spinal meninges and cranial meninges?

A
  • spinal men. only has one dura layer (cranial men. has 2) this one is continuous with the inner meningeal layer of the dura at the foramen magnum
  • denticulate ligaments present
  • epidural space present
54
Q

what are denticulate ligaments?

A

Tooth-shaped extensions of pia which stretch across the sub-arachnoid space anchoring the cord within the vertebral foramen

55
Q

what is contained in the epidural space?

A

fat

venous plexi

56
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called?

where does it end?

A

conus medullaris

ends at L2 in adult

57
Q

where does the subarachnoid and arachnoid mater end?

A

S2

58
Q

in what form does the Pia extend to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale

59
Q

how does cancer reach the spinal cord?

A

The prostate plexus drains into the internal iliac vein which has connections with the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Hence, prostate cancer can metastasise into the spinal cord

60
Q

what are the 2 reasons for a lumbar puncture?

A
  • diagnosis

- drug administration

61
Q

where is a lumbar puncture perfomed?

A

below L2

62
Q

why is a lumbar puncture not performed when there is increased ICP?

A

may cause an uncle or tonsillar herniation

63
Q

how is spinal anaesthesia administered?

A

directly injected into he CSF via LP causing complete anaesthesia from point of insertion and below

64
Q

how is epidural anaesthesia administered?

A

local anaesthetics injected into the epidural space via LP or at sacral hiatus

anaesthesia of local spinal roots caused

65
Q

how many incisors do we have?

A

8

2 in each quadrant (UL, LR etc)

66
Q

how many canines do we have?

A

4

1 in each quadrant

67
Q

how many premolars do we have?

A

8

2 in each quadrant

68
Q

how many molars do we have?

A

9

3 in each quadrant

69
Q

sets of teeth

A

deciduous set: 20 (2-3 years completed)

permanent teeth (erupt at 6, completed in 20s)

70
Q

how many teeth in a permanent set?

A

2,1,2,3= 8

8x4=32

Anatomy Head And Spine (5 decks)

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