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Anatomy Head And Spine > Face and Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Face and Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the branches of the external carotids

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending Pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

[Some Anatomists Like Fucking Over Poor Medical Students]

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2
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery arise from?

A

the maxillary artery

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3
Q

damage susceptibility of the facial artery

A

it meanders around the mandible
some parts are protected by the ramus of the mandible
some parts are superficial and can easily be damaged

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4
Q

what is the downward midline projection in the oral cavity called?

A

uvula

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5
Q

what are the two pillars/fauces?

what is their function?

A 
pataloglossal folds (anterior) 
palatopharyngeal folds (posterior)

they depress the soft palate (anchored to the posterior aspect of the hard palate) against the tongue

seal off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

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6
Q

purpose of the pharynx

A

Musculo-fascial passage which facilitates both food and air

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7
Q

what does the pharynx connect?

A

Connects nasal and oral cavities with larynx and oesophagus.

made of naso-, oro-, laryngopharynx

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8
Q

superior and inferior limit of the pharynx

A

superior: base of the skull
inferior: C6

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9
Q

sensory innervation of the pharynx

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus (IX and X)
Via the “pharyngeal plexus”
EXCEPTION: Maxillary (V2) innervates small portion of nasopharynx

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10
Q

what type of muscles are contained in the pharynx?

A

circular and longitudinal

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11
Q

motor innervation to the muscles of the pharynx?

A

vagus

exception: Glossopharyngeal (IX) innervates stylopharyngeus

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12
Q

the circular muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior Constrictor
Middle Constrictor
Inferior Constrictor

all innervated by the vagus nerve

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13
Q

the longitudinal muscles of pharynx

A

Salpingopharyngeus* (innervated by X)

Palatopharyngeus (innervated by X)
- Important, as it is involved in closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus, part of the coughing reflex

Stylopharyngeus (innervated by IX)

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14
Q

what are the tonsils

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue:

1) Palatine tonsils (you can see them)
- Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.
2) Tubal Tonsils
- Located posterior to the opening of the nasotympanic tube, lateral wall of nasopharynx
3) Lingual tonsil
- Posterior aspect of the tongue.
4) Pharyngeal tonsil (Adenoid Tonsil)
- Roof of the nasopharynx.

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15
Q

clinical significance of the tonsils

A

the tonsils can become infected/inflamed

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16
Q

what is the protective ring around the pharynx called?

A

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

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17
Q

what is the innervation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

A

lingual nerve

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18
Q

which branch of the lingual nerve provides general sensation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

A

V3

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19
Q

what innervation provided sensory information about taste in the anterior two thirds?

A

facial nerve (chordates tympani branch which joins the lingual nerve)

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20
Q

what is the innervation to the posterior third of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

both used for general sensation and taste

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21
Q

where is the epiglottic vallecula and what is its function?

what innervates it?

A

depression located behind the root of the tongue between the folds in the throat

serves as spit traps, holding saliva temporarily before entering into the oesophagus to prevent the swallowing reflex being intiated

innervated by the vagus nerve

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22
Q

what sets of muscles are involved in the motor function of the tongue?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

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23
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • palatoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • genioglossus

[PSHG- people say hello+goodbye]

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24
Q

what nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

hypoglossal (XII)

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25
Q

what is the exception in innervation to the tongues muscles?

A

the palatoglossus is innervated by the vagus rather than the hypoglossus like the other muscles

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26
Q

where is the hyoglossus and what is its function?

A

attached to hyoid bone hence hyo-

depresses the tongue

innervation: XII

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27
Q

where is the styloglossus and what is its function?

A

attached to styloid process

elevates and retracts tongue

innervation: XII

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28
Q

where is the genioglossus and what is its function?

A

attached to mandible and hyoid bone

protrudes the tongue

innervation: XII

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29
Q

where is the palatoglossus and what is its function?

A

aponeurosis of the palate

not much function related to the tongue, helps seal off oral cavity from the oropharynx

innervation: X

30
Q

what is the result of damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

A

tongue deviates towards the lesion

with long standing injury there will be muscle wasting

31
Q

what forms the temper-mandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

head of the mandible
into a socket formed by articular tubercle and mandibular fossa

articular disk located in between

32
Q

where does the temporals insert itself on the mandible?

A

anterior border

33
Q

where does the master insert itself on the mandible?

A

at the ramus, closer to the angle

34
Q

where does the lateral pterygoid insert itself on the mandible?

A

interior mandible

at neck

35
Q

where does the medial pterygoid insert itself on the mandible?

A

interior mandible at the angle

36
Q

what are the two actions of the TMJ?

A
  • hinge: elevation and depression of the mandible

- glide: protraction and retraction of the mandible

37
Q

what muscles are involved in protrusion?

A

lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

38
Q

what muscles are involved in retraction?

A

posterior fibres of temporalis
deep part of masseter
geniohyoid and digastric

39
Q

what muscles are involved in elevation?

A

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid

40
Q

what muscles are involved in depression?

A

gravity aided by digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles

41
Q

what are the two superficial muscles of mastication?

what movement are they involved in?

A

masseter and temporalis

masseter: elevation
temporalis: elevation and retraction

42
Q

what are the deep muscles of mastication?

A

lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

lateral: depression and protrusion/protraction
medial: elevation and protraction and lateral movement of mandible

43
Q

what are the attachments of the temporalis?

function

A

temporal fossa
coronoid processor the mandible

elevation and retraction

44
Q

what are the attachments of the masseter?

function

A

zygomatic arch
lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible

elevation

45
Q

attachments of the lateral pterygoid?

function

A

lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid
neck of mandible

protraction and depression

46
Q

attachments of the medial pterygoid?

function

A

lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla
angle of mandible

elevation, protection, lateral movement

47
Q

muscles at TMJ and function

A

all muscles elevate the mandible
except LPterygoids protract
temporalis retract
deep muscles protract

48
Q

nerves

  • V2
  • V3
  • VII
  • IX
A
  • V2: maxillary division of trigeminal
  • V3: mandibular division of trigeminal
  • VII: facial
  • IX: glossopharyngeal
49
Q

the branches of trigeminal

A

V1- sensory only
V2- sensory only
V3- sensory and motor (special efferent)

50
Q

3 main branches of V3 (mandibular division)

A
  • long buccal (anterior)
  • lingual (posterior)
  • inferior alveolar-nerve to mylohyoid (posterior)
51
Q

what dermatome do V1, V2, and V3 supply

A

V1- forehead skin and upper eyelids

V2- anterior temple skin, middle of lateral aspect of the face and upper jaw

V3- middle part of the temple, cheeks, floor of the mouth

52
Q

V1 sensory innervation

A

forehead skin and upper eyelids via frontal nerve

The conjunctiva, sclera, corneal epithelium and inner eyelids via the lacrimal nerve

The nasal mucosa and frontal sinus via the nasociliary

53
Q

V3 sensory innervation

A

middle part of the temple, cheeks, floor of mouth by buccal nerve

Lower teeth, gums and lip by inferior alveolar

Anterior two thirds of tongue by lingual

54
Q

what does V3, the motor component, supply

A

Innervation to the masseter, temporalis and pterygoids is mostly by the anterior division of the V3

Innervation to the anterior suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid and ant. digastric) is through the mylohyoid nerve which is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve

55
Q

how can V3 motor component be tested on patient?

A

clench jaw (tests masseter and temporalis)

open mouth (lateral pterygoids)

move side to side (medial pterygoids)

56
Q

stimulating the posterior third of the tongue

A

innervation by glossopharyngeal

intense stimulation can cause gag reflex

injury will result on no gag reflex on the respective side

57
Q

what are the 5 special efferent branches of the CNVII motor component

A 
Temporal branches
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch

[To Zanzibar By Motor Car]

branches of the parotid plexus

58
Q

parotid plexus and the parotid gland

A

the parotid plexus is made of the facial nerve

the facial nerve itself does not innervate the parotid gland

59
Q

how can the facial nerve?

A 
expressions:
Close eyes 
Raise eyebrows
Smile
Blow out checks
Purse lips
60
Q

what is the condition due to the damage to the facial nerve?

A

Bell’s palsy

61
Q

what innervates the parotid?

A

innervated by glossopharyngeal via the otic ganglion

62
Q

drainage of parotid serous secretions

A

Parotid gland drains via parotid duct, which opens into the oral cavity lateral and superior to the second upper premolar

63
Q

what are the 3 main salivary glands

A
  • parotid (XI)
  • submandibular (VII)
  • sublingual (VII)
64
Q

innervation of submandibular gland?

secretion type?

A

facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion

serous

65
Q

innervation of sublingual gland?

secretion type?

A

facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion[?]

mucous

66
Q

where does the chordates tympani branch of VII come from?

A

from middle ear when it had entered the internal acoustic meatus

67
Q

which fossa does the chordates tympani exit?

A

petrotympanic fissure

different to the main VII nerve- motor branches exit through stylomastoid foramen

68
Q

where does the chordates tympani join the lingual nerve?

A

infra temporal fossa

containing GVE and SVA fibres

69
Q

where does the chordates tympani that had now joined the lingual nerve go to?

A

submandibular ganglion

70
Q

which motor fibres innervate the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

parasympathetic GVE fibres that synapse the submandibular ganglion

71
Q

where do the taste fibres of CNVII go

A

they SVA bypass the ganglion and go to the anterior two thirds of the tongue

(taste in this part of the tongue is facial nerve)

Anatomy Head And Spine (5 decks)

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