Vertebral Column

Question 1

primary curvatures (dev before birth)

Answer 1

thoracic and sacrococcygeal

Question 2

shape of thoracic and sacrococcygeal

Answer 2

concave anteriorly

Question 3

secondary curvatures (dev during infancy)

Answer 3

cervical and lumbar

Question 4

shape of cervical and lumbar

Answer 4

concave posteriorly

Question 5

vertebral column – and important in posture, movement, support of body weight, and locomotion

Answer 5

protect spinal cord

Question 6

degree of primary curvature

Answer 6

1

Question 7

degree of secondary curvature

Answer 7

2

Question 8

flexion is greatest in – region

Answer 8

cervical

Question 9

extension is greatest in – region

Answer 9

lumbar

Question 10

lateral bending is greatest in – region

Answer 10

lumbar

Question 11

rotation is greatest in – region

Answer 11

thoracic

Question 12

– encloses the vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord sits

Answer 12

vertebral/neural arch

Question 13

neural arch is comprised of –

Answer 13

pedicles, laminae, and spinous process

Question 14

laminae and pedicles form the –

Answer 14

transverse process

Question 15

each vertebrae has a superior and inferior – for articulation with adjacent vertebrae

Answer 15

articular process

Question 16

cervical vertebrae have a – spinous process

Answer 16

bifid

Question 17

cervical vertebrae have a – foramen for vertebral artery

Answer 17

transverse

Question 18

thoracic vertebrae have – spinous processes

Answer 18

inferiorly oriented, overlapping

Question 19

thoracic vertebrae have – for ribs

Answer 19

costal and demifacets

Question 20

lumbar vertebrae lack –

Answer 20

costal facets

Question 21

lumbar vertebrae have – spinous processes

Answer 21

quadrangular and horizontally oriented

Question 22

C1

Answer 22

atlas

Question 23

C1 articulates superiorly with –(occipital bone)

Answer 23

cranium

Question 24

has no body or spinous process

Answer 24

C1

Question 25

C1 has an -- and -- arch

Answer 25

anterior and posterior

Question 26

-- holds the dens of the C2 in place

Answer 26

transverse ligament

Question 27

C2

Answer 27

axis

Question 28

C2 has a -- or dens which serves as the "axis" around which the atlas rotates

Answer 28

odontoid process

Question 29

-- joint allows for head flexion and extension

Answer 29

atlanto-occipital

Question 30

-- joint allows for the rotation of the head

Answer 30

median atlantoaxial

Question 31

on the sacrum's anterior and superior aspect you can see the -- of S1, the ala (wings), promontory, and the anterior sacral foramina

Answer 31

body

Question 32

transmits the ventral rami of S1-S5 spinal nerves

Answer 32

anterior sacral foramina

Question 33

on the sacrum's posterior aspect you can see the --, sacral hiatus and posterior

Answer 33

sacral canal

Question 34

transmits the dorsal rami of S1-S5 spinal nerves

Answer 34

posterior sacral foramina

Question 35

a horizontal line drawn across the iliac crests will interest the --

Answer 35

L4 spinous process

Question 36

there is no -- between the atlas and axis

Answer 36

intervertebral disc

Question 37

caudal anesthesia may be administered through the --

Answer 37

sacral hiatus

Question 38

the iliac crests may be easily -- in a patient

Answer 38

palpated

Question 39

-- is an important landmark in doing lumbar punctures to sample cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 39

L4 spinous process

Question 40

zygapophyseal (facet) joints are -- joints

Answer 40

synovial

Question 41

zygapophyseal (facet) joints are formed between the -- of adjacent vertebrae

Answer 41

articular processes

Question 42

zygapophyseal (facet) joints permit -- movements between vertebrae

Answer 42

gliding

Question 43

zygapophyseal (facet) joints are stabilized by ligaments uniting the -- transverse and spinous process

Answer 43

laminae

Question 44

zygapophyseal (facet) joints are innervated by -- nerves

Answer 44

dorsal rami

Question 45

joints: anatomical classification systems

Answer 45

cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

Question 46

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs form cartilaginous joints between adjacent vertebral bodies designed for --

Answer 46

weight bearing and strength

Question 47

cartilaginous joints are separated by --

Answer 47

cartilage

Question 48

two kinds of cartilaginous joints

Answer 48

symphyses and synchondroses

Question 49

symphyseal joints occur mostly in the -- of the body

Answer 49

midline

Question 50

symphyseal joints are considered to be --

Answer 50

slightly moveable

Question 51

an example of a symphysis type of joint would be the -- where two adjacent vertebra are separated by a fibrocartilaginous disc

Answer 51

intervertebral joints

Question 52

two components of intervertebral discs

Answer 52

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulosus

Question 53

outer tough layer of intervertebral discs that provides strength

Answer 53

annulus fibrosus

Question 54

inner gelatinous layer of intervertebral discs that provides shock absorption during weight bearing

Answer 54

nucleus pulposus

Question 55

when two vertebrae come together, -- forms in which spinal nerves are located

Answer 55

intervertebral foramina

Question 56

when the vertebrae are articulated, the vertebral foramen of adjacent vertebrae together form the -- through which the spinal cord passes

Answer 56

vertebral canal

Question 57

osteoarthritic formation of osteophytes (bony spur-like growth on the vertebral bodies) can -- the intervertebral foramen and impinge on the spinal nerve and/or spinal nerve roots

Answer 57

narrow

Question 58

flexion

Answer 58

60-70

Question 59

lateral flexion or bending

Answer 59

25-30

Question 60

extension

Answer 60

10-25

Question 61

rotation

Answer 61

45

Question 62

between C1 and cranium

Answer 62

atlanto-occipital joint

Question 63

between C1 and C2

Answer 63

median atlantoaxial joint

Question 64

T/F: there is no intervertebral disc between the atlas and axis

Answer 64

true

Question 65

the sacrum is formed by the fusion of --

Answer 65

5 bones (S1-S5 vertebrae)

Question 66

on the sacrum's anterior and superior aspect, you can identify the --, ala (wings), promontory and anterior sacral foramina

Answer 66

body of S1

Question 67

anterior sacral foramina transmit --

Answer 67

ventral rami of S1-S5 spinal nerves

Question 68

on the sacrum's posterior, you can identify the --, sacral hiatus, and posterior sacral foramina

Answer 68

sacral canal

Question 69

posterior sacral foramina transmit --

Answer 69

dorsal rami of S1-S5 spinal nerves

Question 70

solutions of caudal anesthesia pass -- in the loose connective tissue (sacral hiatus) and bathe the spinal nerves as they emerge from the dural sheath

Answer 70

superiorly

Question 71

intervertebral discs also play a major role in the development of -- of the vertebral column

Answer 71

curvatures

Question 72

runs on the anterior surface of vertebral bodies

Answer 72

ant. longitudinal ligament

Question 73

runs on the tips of spinous processes

Answer 73

supraspinous ligaments

Question 74

runs between spinous processes

Answer 74

interspinous ligaments

Question 75

ant. longitudinal ligament helps prevent --

Answer 75

hyperextension

Question 76

posterior longitudinal ligament helps prevent --

Answer 76

hyperflexion

Question 77

helps preserve the curvatures of the spine

Answer 77

ligamentum flavum