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PCOM Anatomy > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What movements can the vertebral column do?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral bending
  • rotation
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2
Q

primary curvatures of spine?

A
  • thoracic
  • sacral
  • formed prenatal
  • concave anteriorly
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3
Q

secondary curvatures of spine?

A
  • cervical (6 months)
  • lumbar (1 year)
  • develop after birth
  • concave posteriorly
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4
Q

kyphosis?

A
  • excessive rounding of thoracic curvature
  • hunchback
  • roundback
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5
Q

lordosis?

A
  • lumbar curvature excessive curving

- swayback

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6
Q

what passes through the vertebral foramen?

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

what is the zygapophyseal joint?

A
  • joint between articular processes of vertebrae

- limits and guides movement

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8
Q

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A
  • dorsal root ganglion

- spinal nerves run through

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9
Q

what makes cervical vertebrae unique?

A
  • small vertebral body and large foramen to accommodate cervical enlargement of spinal cord
  • transverse process includes anterior and posterior tubercles and transverse foramen (C1-C6 for vertebral artery)
  • short and bifid spinous processes (C2-C5)
  • C6 and C7 (longest) have long spinous processes
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10
Q

Unique characteristics of Atlas (C1)?

A
  • no body or spinous process
  • has anterior and posterior arches
  • superior articular process is flat and strong, holds cranium, articulates with occipital condyles
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11
Q

what is the lateral atlanto axial joint?

A

-joint between the inferior articular facets of C1 and the superior articular facets of C2

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12
Q

what is the median atlanto axial joint?

A

-joint between facet for dens of C1 and the facet for atlas on the dens of C2

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13
Q

what is the transverse ligament of C1?

A
  • divides foramen in two
  • foramen for dens holds the dens of C2 in place
  • posterior is the vertebral foramen for spinal cord
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14
Q

why is the dens important?

A

-provides the pivot of C1 to rotate the head

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15
Q

what is the course of the vertebral artery in the cervical region?

A
  1. vertebral artery branches off the subclavian artery
  2. it ascends to base of C6, skips C7
  3. runs through transverse foramina from C6 to C1
  4. exits C1 and passes posteriorly on posterior arch of C1 and enter foramen magnum to cranium
  5. the two vertebral arteries unite in brain to form basilar artery
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16
Q

Unique characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • superior and inferior costal facets on the body to articulate with ribs
  • demi facets articulate with the same head of rib
  • long transverse processes with transverse costal facets which articulate with the tubercle of rib
17
Q

Unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • accessory process on posterior surface of transverse process
  • mammillary process on posterior surface of articular processes
  • these serve as muscle attachments
18
Q

Unique characteristics of sacrum?

A
  • 5 vertebrae fused
  • superior surface of S1 is the base, anterior edge is the promontory
  • Ala articulate with hip bone
  • 4 pairs of sacral foramina are for the passage of anterior and posterior rami of S1 to S4 spinal nerves
  • median crest is the fusion of spinous processes
  • intermediate crest is the fusion of articular processes
  • lateral crest is the fusion of transverse processes
  • sacral hiatus is the formed by lack of lamina of S4 and S5, leads to sacral canal
  • auricular surface forms the sacral iliac joint
19
Q

what are intervertebral discs and their parts?

A
  • provide shock absorption between vertebrae, disc compresses to move
  • outer concentric fibrous rings are the annulus fibrosis, degenerate with aging
  • gelatinous central mass is the nucleus pulposus, most of it is water, dehydrates with aging (disc herniation)
  • no IV discs between C1 and C2 because of the dens
  • lowest IV disc is between L5 and S1
20
Q

Ligaments of spine?

A
  1. anterior longitudinal ligament
    - attach to anterior surface of sacrum and anterior and lateral sides of vertebrae
    - attaches to anterior arch of C1
    - prevents hyper extension
  2. posterior longitudinal
    - attaches to posterior side of vertebral body and runs in vertebral foramen
    - at base of cranium, continues with tectorial membrane
    - limits hyper flexion of spine
  3. ligamentum flavum
    - between adjacent lamina
    - yellow ligament
  4. interspinous ligament
    - in between adjacent spinous processes
    - weak
  5. supraspinous ligament
    - attaches adjacent tip of spinous processes
    - becomes nuchal ligament
21
Q

Three layers of meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
    - thick and fibrous
    - tapers inferiorly at S2 level and forms as a cord called filum terminale externum, attaches to coccyx
    - spinal nerves have dural sleeves
  2. arachnoid mater
    - thin and avascular
    - close with dura mater, CSF underneath presses top two layers together
  3. pia mater
    - thinnest layer
    - denticulate ligament is lateral extension of pia, 21 pairs, alternates with spinal nerves, posterior to anterior nerve rootlets, anterior to posterior rootlets
    - filum terminale (L1-L2), pia mater becomes this and anchors cord to dural sac inferiorly
    - cauda equina is bundle
22
Q

intermeningeal spaces?

A
  1. epidural space
    - between bone and dura
    - filled with fat and veins around spinal cord
  2. subdural space
    - between dura and arachnoid
    - small space due to CSF but can bleed in this space
  3. subarachnoid space
    - CSF filled space between arachnoid and pia
23
Q

where does spinal cord end?

A
  • L1 or L2
  • forms conus medullaris as it tapers
  • continues with filum terminale and cauda equina
24
Q

two enlargements of spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical enlargement
    - C4 to T1
  2. lumbosacral
    - L1 to S3

-these correspond to segments that innervate upper and lower limbs

25
Q

Gray and white matter of spinal cord?

A
  1. gray matter on the inside contains nerve cell bodies
    - anterior horn contains motor neurons (efferent, ventral)
    - posterior horn contains sensory neurons (afferent, dorsal)
    - lateral horn is found between T1-L2 (IML- intermedial lateral cell column)
  2. white matter on outside contain myelinated axons
26
Q

Dorsal root ganglion?

A
  • groups of neurons outside of CNS
  • pseudo unipolar neurons
  • synapse with sensory neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord
27
Q

Where does the dorsal and ventral rami go?

A
  1. dorsal
    - innervates deep back muscles and overlaying skin
  2. ventral
    - innervates rest of body, anterior lateral of body and wall and upper and lower extremities
    - usually thicker
28
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves:

  • 8 cervical (C1 is above C1 vertebrae, C8 nerve is below C7 vertebrae)
  • 12 thoracic (T1 nerve is below T1)
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
  • they exit intervertebral foramen
  • the higher the cord, the shorter the spinal nerves
29
Q

Peripheral vs central nervous system?

A
  1. central
    - brain and spinal cord
  2. peripheral
    - somatic (voluntary)
    - autonomic (involuntary) includes sympathetic and parasympathetic (controls organs in rest or stress)
30
Q

Responses of sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • fight or flight
  • dilate pupils
  • inhibit salvation
  • increase heartbeat
  • relax airways
  • inhibit stomach
  • stimulate release of glucose, inhibit gall bladder
  • inhibit intestines
  • secrete epinephrine and nor
  • relax bladder
  • promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction
31
Q

Responses of parasympathetic system?

A
  • rest and digest
  • constrict pupils
  • stimulate saliva
  • slow heartbeat
  • constrict airways
  • stimulate stomach
  • inhibit release of glucose, stimulate gall bladder
  • stimulate intestines
  • contract bladder
  • promote erection of genitals
32
Q

Two neuron chain in autonomic system?

A
  1. first neuron
    - sympathetic IML (T1-L2)
    - parasympathetic (brainstem, gray matter of S2-S4)
  2. second neuron
    - sympathetic ganglia
    - parasympathetic ganglia
    - pre ganglionic or post ganglionic
33
Q

Sympathetic ganglia?

A
  1. paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia
    - meets inferiorly to form ganglion impar
  2. pre vertebral ganglia (pre aortic)
    - associate with celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion
34
Q

Pre and post ganglionic fibers of sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. pre fibers
    - white ramus (T1-L2)
    - myelinated
    - fibers go through ventral root and synapse with neurons in sympathetic ganglia
  2. post fibers
    - gray ramus (all levels of sympathetic chains)
    - unmyelinated
    - paravertebral ganglia
35
Q

Rami communicantes?

A
  • white ramus, communication between spinal nerves and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
  • gray ramus, fibers from ganglion back to nerves
36
Q

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

A
  • T5-T12 preganglionic fibers form splanchnic nerves
  • greater
  • lesser
  • least
  • runs through diaphragm into abdomen
37
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia?

A
  • S2 to S4 contain first neurons, sacral origin, not spinal nerves, but from pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • nerves are very long to parasympathetic ganglion to inside of target organs, post synaptic fibers are short and run inside organs

PCOM Anatomy (6 decks)

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