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Anatomy 3 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What does vertebral column refer to?

A

skeleton of the neck and back

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2
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

support weight
protect spinal cord
serve as axis and pivot
aid in posture and movement

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3
Q

How many different segments does the vertebral column have? What are they?

A

5, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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4
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7, C1-C7

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5
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12, T1-T12

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6
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5, L1-L5

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7
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5, S1-S5

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8
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

It is variable, but there are typically 4

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9
Q

What is the general plan of a vertebra?

A

A vertebra consist of:
vertebral body (anteriorly)
vertebral/ neural arch (posteriorly)
vertebral processes

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10
Q

What is the main function of the vertebral body?

A

it is the weight-bearing component, size increases from cranial to caudal end of vertebral column

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11
Q

What are the components of a vertebral/neural arch?

A

paired pedicles, paired laminae, a vertebral foramen, and superior and inferior vertebral notches

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12
Q

What do the pedicles do?

A

they join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body

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13
Q

What are the laminae?

A

they are flat plates contacting pedicles

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14
Q

What does the vertebral foramen form?

A

vertebral canal

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15
Q

What do the superior and inferior vertebral notches form? And what is its function?

A

they form the intervertebral foramina that allows the spinal nerves to exit

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16
Q

Name the vertebral processes

A

spinous process, transverse process, and articular process (zygapophysis)

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17
Q

How many articular processes are there?

A

4 per vertebra (2 superior - pre-zygapophyses and 2 inferior - post-zygapophyses)

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18
Q

The right and left vertebral arteries ascend from what artery?

A

subclavian artery

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19
Q

At the level of C1-C6, what do the verterbral arteries run through?

A

transverse foramina

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20
Q

At the level of C7, where does the vertebral artery run?

A

Alongside C7, not through

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21
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior tubercles located?

A

On the transverse processes

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22
Q

What is the carotid tubercle?

A

anterior tubercle on C6

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23
Q

What is the clinical significance of the carotid tubercle?

A

occlude blood flow by pushing the carotid artery up against the carotid tubercle

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24
Q

Which of the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) does the vertebral foramina appear larger?

A

C3-C7

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25
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

raised margins of the superior border of the vertebral body (saddle-shaped)

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26
Q

C1 is also known as what?

A

atlas

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27
Q

C2 is also known as what?

A

axis

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28
Q

What does the C1 articulates with?

A

occipital condyles

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29
Q

What is different about C1 from a typical vertebra?

A
  • lacks vertebral body

- there’s a groove present for vertebral artery

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30
Q

What is the remnant of C1 on C2 called?

A

dens/odontoid process

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31
Q

What is another name for C7?

A

vertebra prominens

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32
Q

What is unique about C7?

A

long spinous process

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33
Q

Where does the rib head articulate into?

A

superior and inferior costal facet

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34
Q

Where does the rib tubercle articulate into?

A

transverse costal facet

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35
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae do not have transverse costal facet?

A

T11 and T12

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36
Q

What are the two specialized processes in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

accessory and mamillary

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37
Q

What attaches to the accessory process?

A

intertransverse lumborum muscles

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38
Q

What attaches to the mamillary process?

A

multifudus and median intertransverse muscles

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39
Q

Which vertebra is the largest?

A

L5

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40
Q

What is lumbosacral angle?

A

the angle between lumbar and sacral vertebrae

~ 120 degrees

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41
Q

What is a big contributor to the lumbosacral angle?

A

L5

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42
Q

Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

A

S1-S5

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43
Q

What is the function of the sacrum?

A

transfer body weight to pelvis and contribute to strength and stability

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44
Q

Sacral canal

A

sacral continuation of vertebral canal

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45
Q

Sacral foramina

A

between vertebrae

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46
Q

Where do nerves exit in the sacrum?

A

sacral foramina

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47
Q

Sacral promontory

A

anterosuperior projecting edge of S1

48
Q

Median crest

A

fused spinous processes

49
Q

Medial crest

A

fused articular processes

50
Q

Lateral crest

A

fused transverse processes

51
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

gap in laminae

52
Q

Sacral cornua (horns)

A

former inferior articular processes of S5

53
Q

Auricular surface

A

part of sacroiliac joint

54
Q

What is the function of the auricular surface?

A

helps transfer weight from vertebral column to the lower limb

55
Q

Coccygeal cornua (horns)

A

part of Co 1, articulate with sacral horn

56
Q

Which two curvatures are anteriorly convex and are secondary curvatures?

A

cervical and lumbar, aka lordoses

57
Q

Which two curvatures are anteriorly concave and are primary curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral, aka kyphoses

58
Q

When does primary curvature develop?

A

present at birth

59
Q

When does secondary curvature develop?

A

develops with age

60
Q

What is the development of primary curvature due to?

A

differences in height between anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae

61
Q

What is the development of secondary curvature due to?

A

differences in thickness between anterior and posterior parts of intervertebral discs

62
Q

What kind of movements can the vertebral column perform?

A

flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation

63
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral column restricted by?

A

IV discs, orientation of zygapophysical joints, articular capsules, muscles and ligaments

64
Q

Range of motion of the vertebral column results from what?

A

primarily from elasticity of IV discs

65
Q

What is lordosis?

A

accentuation of secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar)

66
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

accentuation of primary curvatures (thoracic and sacral)

67
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

lateral deviation of vertebral column

68
Q

What are some degenerative changes in vertebrae?

A

osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

69
Q

What provides strong attachments between vertebral bodies?

A

intervertebral discs

70
Q

Intervertebral discs are consist of what two parts?

A

anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

71
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

outer portion of concentric fibrocartilaginous circles

72
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

slightly posteriorly positioned gelatinous, elastic, avascular core

73
Q

What is remnant of embryological notochord?

A

IV disc

74
Q

IV disc is not present in what part of the vertebral column?

A

between C1-C2

75
Q

What kind of movement do uncovertebral joints prevent?

A

anterior/posterior slipping

76
Q

Uncovertebral joints

A

joints between unicate process of C3-C6 and superjacent body

77
Q

What kind of joints are vertebral arch joints?

A

synovial

78
Q

Where are vertebral arch joints located?

A

between superior and inferior articular processes

79
Q

What kind of movement do vertebral arch joints allow?

A

gliding between vertebrae

80
Q

What limits movements of vertebral arch joints?

A

variable orientation

81
Q

What’s the function of ligaments?

A

help prevent herniation and displacement of vertebrae

82
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

strong band extending across anterolateral vertebral bodies and IV discs

83
Q

What movement do anterior longitudinal ligaments prevent?

A

hyperextension of vertebral column

84
Q

Where do anterior longitudinal ligaments expand to?

A

extends from sacrum to occiput and C1’s anterior tubercle

85
Q

What’s the function of anterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

stabilizes vertebral body joints

86
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

weaker band extending along anterior aspect of vertebral canal

87
Q

What movement do posterior longitudinal ligaments prevent?

A

hyperflexion of vertebral column and herniation/ protusion of discs

88
Q

What’s the function of accessory longitudinal ligaments

A

stabilize laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes

89
Q

Ligament flava “yellow ligaments”

A

broad, yellow fibrous tissue extending along posterior wall

90
Q

Where do ligament flava attach to?

A

adjacent laminae

91
Q

What movement does ligament flava prevent?

A

abrupt flexion of vertebral column, prevents injury to IV discs

92
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

connect spinous processes

93
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

connect tips of spinous processes

94
Q

What do you find supraspinous ligaments?

A

C7-sacrum

95
Q

What do supraspinous ligaments merge with?

A

ligamentum nuchae

96
Q

Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)

A

extends from external occipital protuberance and posterior foramen magnum to spinous processes

97
Q

Intra-transverse ligaments

A
  • connects adjacent transverse processes

- obvious in thorax

98
Q

Where is atlanto-occipital joint located?

A

between C1 and occipital bone of cranium

99
Q

Where is alanto-axial joint located?

A

between C1 and C2

100
Q

What kind of movements do atlanto-occiptal joints allow?

A
  • primarily allow nodding of head (flexion/extension)

- lateral bending and rotation

101
Q

What kind of movements do atlanto-axial joints allow?

A

primarily rotation

102
Q

Alantooccipital membranes

A

extend from atlas to margins of foramen magnum

103
Q

What ligaments prevent excessive movement of the head?

A

alantooccipital membranes

104
Q

Transverse ligament of atlas

A
  • holds dens of C2 with arch of C1

- posterior wall of dens’ socket

105
Q

longitudinal bands

A

extend from transverse ligament to occipital bone and body of C2 (superior and inferior)

106
Q

Alar ligaments

A

extend from sides of dens to C1 and foramen magnum

107
Q

What ligaments limit head rotation?

A

alar ligaments

108
Q

tectorial membrane

A

extends from C2 and through foramen magnum

109
Q

Tectorial membrane is a continuation of what ligament?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

110
Q

What ligaments make cruciate ligaments?

A

superior and inferior longitudinal bands and transverse ligament of atlas

111
Q

How many alanto-axial joints are there? What are they?

A

2 lateral atlanto-axial joints (right and left) and 1 median atlanto-axial joint

112
Q

Which alanto-axial joint is a pivot joint?

A

median atlanto-axial joint

113
Q

What spinal arteries will you find in the neck?

A

vertebral and ascending cervical arteries

114
Q

What spinal arteries will you find in the thorax ?

A

posterior intercostal arteries

115
Q

What spinal arteries will you find in the abdomen?

A

subcostal and lumbar arteries

116
Q

What spinal arteries will you find in the pelvis?

A

iliolumbar and lateral and medial sacral arteries

117
Q

What venous vessels are there for the vertebrae?

A

internal and external venous plexus (anterior and posterior components)

Anatomy 3 (12 decks)

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