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Anatomy 3 > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of deep back muscles?

A
  • maintain posture and balance (majority of the weight is anterior so these muscles prevent us from falling forward)
  • flexion, extension, rotation of the back
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2
Q

What allows for the entire vertebral column to move smoothly during flexion, extension and rotation?

A

due to the origins and insertions of different muscles overlapping

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3
Q

What intrinsic muscles are in the superficial layer?

A

all three subgroups of erector spinae and splenius muscles

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4
Q

What intrinsic muscles are in the intermediate layer?

A

two parts of transversospinalis (semispinalis and multifidus)

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5
Q

What intrinsic muscles are in the deep layer?

A

segmental muscles and suboccipital muscles

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6
Q

Which intrinsic muscles are the most superficial of the posterior part of the neck?

A

splenius group

  • bandage wrapped around the neck
  • muscle fibers arise from midline and run superiorly and laterally
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7
Q

Which two muscles are in the splenius group?

A

splenius capitis

spleius cervicis

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8
Q

Name this muscle:

broad flat muscle of the neck, partly covered by trapezius and SCm, upper and larger of the two splenius muscles

A

Splenius capitis

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9
Q

Name this muscle:

narrow muscle located below and parallel to the splenius capitis, no fibers attach to the skull

A

Splenius cervicis

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10
Q

How do the muscle fibers of splenius capitis run?

A

superiolaterally from their origin (ligamentum nuchae, spines of upper thoracic vertebrae) to attach to the skull (occipital bone an mastoid process)

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11
Q

How do the muscle fibers of splenius cervicis run?

A

extend superiorly and laterally from spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae (T3-T6) and insert at the transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae (C2-C4)

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12
Q

Which intrinsic muscle group has the largest muscle mass of the back?

A

erector spinae group (sacrospinalis)

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13
Q

What is the common tendon of origin?

A

attached to sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process of lumbar and last two thoracic vertebrae

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14
Q

What is the origin of erector spinae group?

A

common tendon of origin

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15
Q

In which region does the erector spinae group divide into 3 groups?

A

lumbar region

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16
Q

Which 3 groups do erector spinae group divide into?

A

1) iliocostalis
2) longissimus
3) spinalis
(I Love Spaghetti)

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17
Q

What are the three parts to iliocostalis of the erector spinae group?

A

1) iliocostalis lumborum
2) iliocostalis thoracis
3) iliocostalis cervicis

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18
Q

What are the attachments of iliocostalis lumborum?

A

common tendon to ribs 6-12

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19
Q

What are the attachments of iliocostalis thoracis?

A

lower 6 ribs to upper 6 ribs

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20
Q

What are the attachments of iliocostalis cervicis?

A

ribs 3-6 to transverse process of C4-C6

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21
Q

What are the three parts to longissimus of the erector spinae group?

A

1) longissimus thoracis
2) longissimus cervicis
3) longissimus capitis

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22
Q

What are the attachments of the longissimus thoracis?

A

common tendon to lower 9 ribs

*largest part of the three longissimus

23
Q

What are the attachments of the longissimus cervicis?

A

transverse process of T1-T5 to transverse process of C2-C6

24
Q

What are the attachments of the longissimus capitis?

A

tendon of insertion of longissimus cervicis to mastoid process

25
Q

Which of the three division of erector spinae group is the intermediate division?

A

longissimus

26
Q

Which of the three division of erector spinae group is the most lateral column?

A

iliocostalis

27
Q

Which of the three division of erector spinae group is the most medial and smallest division?

A

spinalis

28
Q

Briefly describe the spinalis division

A
  • poorly developed, usually only thoracic part is visible
  • some who have well developed contain thoracics, cervical and lumbar segments
  • extends from spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae to the spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae
29
Q

What is the action of erector spinae group?

A
  • bilaterally extend the head and vertebral column
  • unilaterally flex head and vertebral column laterally
  • *chief extensor of the vertebral column
30
Q

Briefly describe transversospinalis muscle group

A
  • lies deeper to the erector spinae group
  • shorter than erector spinae
  • slant inward from origin to their insertion
  • have 3 muscle masses
  • originate from transverse processes and proceed to spinous processes of more superiorly located vertebrae
31
Q

What are the three groups of transversospinalis muscle group?

A

1) semispinalis
2) multifidus
3) segmental muscles

32
Q

What are the three parts to semispinalis?

A

1) semispinalis thoracis
2) semispinalis cervicis (inserts at C2)
3) semispinalis captitis (inserts on occipital bone)

33
Q

Briefly describe the muscle fibers of semispinalis

A
  • muscle fibers arranged longitudinally like erector spinae group
  • muscle fibers span over about 4-6 vertebrae
  • lacking lumbar region
  • lie superficial to multifidus
34
Q

Briefly describe mulifidus

A
  • deeper to semispinalis
  • thickest in lumbar area, but present throughout the back
  • muscle fibers go from transverse to spinous processes
  • ends in cervical region
  • different parts are not usually distinct
  • covered by erector spinae in sacral and lumbar regions
  • covered by semispinalis in thoracic and cervical regions
35
Q

Briefly describe the segmental muscles

A
  • deepest part of the transversospinalis group
  • better developed in cervical and lumbar regions
  • lie deep to multifidus
36
Q

What are the three sets of segmental muscles?

A

1) interspinalis
2) intertransversarii
3) rotators

37
Q

Briefly describe the interspinalis group

A
  • well developed in cervical and lumbar regions
  • muscles are seperated by interspinous ligaments
  • stretch between adjacent spinous processes from C2 to T1
  • lack thoracic region
38
Q

Briefly describe the intertransversarii group

A
  • run vertically between adjacent transverse processes
  • well developed in cervical and lumbar regions
  • lack thoracic region
39
Q

Briefly describe the rotators

A
  • have single origin and single insertion unlike most other back muscles
  • span one or two vertebrae
  • best developed in thoracic region
40
Q

What are the two sets of rotators?

A 
long rotatores (longus) 
short rotatores (brevis) 
- both found in lumbar, thoracic, and cervical areas
- longus skips a vertebra
- brevis does not skip
41
Q

What muscles connects the skull to the atlas and axis?

A

suboccipital muscles

42
Q

What are the suboccipital muscles?

A

1) oblique capitis inferior
2) oblique capitis superior
3) rectus capitis posterior major
4) rectus capitis posterior minor

43
Q

Which of the four suboccipital muscles does not lie within the suboccipital triangle?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor

44
Q

Which artery can be seen in the suboccipital triangle?

A

vertebral artery can be seen coursing across the floor of the triangle entering the skull through the foramen magnum

45
Q

What is the nerve supply to suboccipital muscles?

A

all fours muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital) nerve

46
Q

What is the dorsal ramus of C2 also known as? What is its significance in this triangle

A

greater occipital nerve

- no significance, does not provide innervation to any of the muscles, it just passes through to innervate the scalp

47
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

A

1) flexion
2) extension
3) lateral flexion (side to side)
4) rotation

48
Q

How do the back muscles work to flex vertebral column?

A
  • anterior trunk muscles, helped by gravity

- they act as antagonists, relax gradually to produce a smooth movement

49
Q

How do the back muscles work to extend the vertebral column?

A

all deep back muscles except intertransversarii

- erector spinae acts as the chief extensor muscle

50
Q

How do the back muscles work to lateral flex vertebral column?

A
  • intertransversarii
  • splenius capitis and cervicis rotate the head to the same side and laterally flex the neck
  • erector spinae initiates lateral flexion unilaterally
  • all muscles on the opposite side control flexion by relaxing gradually
51
Q

How do the back muscles work to rotate the vertebral column?

A
  • multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis muscles rotate trunk to opposite side
  • splenius muscles and erector spinae extend the trunk and help to rotate it to the same side
52
Q

Which muscles rotate the atlas and turn the face to the same side?

A

oblique capitis inferior and rectus capitits posterior major and minor

53
Q

Which muscles extend the head bilaterally and flex it to the same side unilaterally?

A

oblique capitis superior and rectus capitis posterior major and minor

Anatomy 3 (12 decks)

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