vertebral column 1 prac

Question 1

vertebral body - cervical

Answer 1

Small

Uncinate processes / uncovertebral lips present on the posterolateral aspect of the superior vertebral body

Question 2

vertebral arch

Answer 2

C: lateral projects
T: less lateral
L: thick pedicles

Question 3

transverse processes: cervical

Answer 3

• short
• transverse foramen present for vertebral artery & vein pathway; -anterior & posterior tubercles present for muscle attachment and spinal nerve pathway between them

Question 4

spinous process

Answer 4

C: Bifid for ligamentum nuchae / muscle attachment
T: long, downward pointing
L: thick, blunt

Question 5

sacrum

Answer 5

collection of 5 fused vertebrae. Described as an upside down triangle, with apex pointing inferiorly. On lat. walls of the sacrum are facets, for articulations with the pelvis at sacro-iliac joint

Question 6

IVD in resisting mvm

Answer 6

50% of collagen fibres aligned in one direction and 50% in other in opp. direction so when rotate, 1/2 tension

Question 7

IVD cervical

Answer 7

uncovertebral clefts = in rotation allows more mvmt. no restriction

• thick ant. AF = pivot for rotation
• 45˚ ZPJ, coronal

Question 8

IVD lumbar

Answer 8

weight bearing
- fibrosis
- no unconvertebral clefts
NP - gelatine - 90% water
- vertical ZPJ

Question 9

radiate ligament

Answer 9

connects vertebral body to ribs = stabilisation

Question 10

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

Answer 10

attached to basilar part of occipital bone, then to anterior tubercle of atlas, then to anterior body of axis and continues down vertebral column

Question 11

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

Answer 11

• attached superiorly to the posterior body of the axis - continues superiorly as the “tectorial membrane”
• usually broad and uniform in width in the cervical region, so is not scalloped

Question 12

Ligamentum nuchae (LN)

Answer 12

• basically a combination of the interspinous ligaments and the supraspinous ligament
• extends from the external occipital protuberance and crest to the C7 spinous process
• forms a median septum, and its fibrous laminae are attached to the midline of the squamous occipital bone, posterior tubercle of C1, and spinous processes of C2-C6.

Question 13

Transverse ligament of atlas

Answer 13

attached to the medial surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas. Passes posteriorly to the dens.

Question 14

Alar ligament

Answer 14

These arise from the posterolateral aspect of the dens of the axis and attach to the margins of the foramen magnum.

Question 15

thoracic

Answer 15

• radiate ligament

- costotransverse ligaments

Question 16

Iliolumbar ligament

Answer 16

• L5 transverse processes to ilium.

Question 17

intervertebral ligaments

Answer 17

• interspinous, supraspinous & intertransverse ligaments

- igamentum flavum (interlaminar space)

Question 18

Compression - Vertebral body

Answer 18

inner portion is cancellous bone, the vertical trabeculae, supported by horizontal trabeculae, withstand compressive forces

Articular processes & zygapophysial joints: some compression force may be transmitted from the inferior articular process of the superior vertebra to the superior articular process or pars interarticularis of the vertebra below. Much less than via the anterior components listed above.

Question 19

compression - intervertebral disc

Answer 19

fibrous IVD contain NP which distributes pressure evenly across disc. Expands adially and exert pressure on AF > inferior vertebrae

Question 20

Translation / Shear:

Anterior translation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:

Answer 20

sup. articular facets aligned in coronal plane resits. ant translation of suo. vertebrae
- ALL
- posterior compression and anterior tension of AF

Question 21

Translation / Shear:

Posterior translation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:

Answer 21

Interspinous ligament:
during flx. combined with ant. rotation with ant. translation, keeps z joints in contact
Intervertebral disc: ant. compression and posterior tension

Question 22

Torsion:

Answer 22

Within a vertebra:

arrangement of trabeculae; thick pedicles attach posterior elements to the vertebral body

Question 23

torsion - Axial rotation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:

Answer 23

sup. articular facets aligned in sagital plane resist axial rotation

Question 24

The vertebral endplate

Answer 24

late is a combination of hyaline cartilage (covering the upper or lower aspect of the vertebral body) with the collagen fibres of the annulus fibrosus running through it. It is more firmly attached at the rim of VB.
- acts as boundary between IVD and vertebral body

Question 25

pars interarticularis

Answer 25

lamina btwn articular processes

- easily fractured in hypoextension - inferior articular processes of above vertebrae jams/smashes pars int.

Question 26

spondylolysis

Answer 26

spine fracture on one side of Pars Int.

Question 27

spondylolisthesis

Answer 27

dislocation of both sides of pars int - slides anteriorly

common in L5/S1