vertebral column 1 prac Flashcards
vertebral body - cervical
Small
Uncinate processes / uncovertebral lips present on the posterolateral aspect of the superior vertebral body
vertebral arch
C: lateral projects
T: less lateral
L: thick pedicles
transverse processes: cervical
- short
- transverse foramen present for vertebral artery & vein pathway; -anterior & posterior tubercles present for muscle attachment and spinal nerve pathway between them
spinous process
C: Bifid for ligamentum nuchae / muscle attachment
T: long, downward pointing
L: thick, blunt
sacrum
collection of 5 fused vertebrae. Described as an upside down triangle, with apex pointing inferiorly. On lat. walls of the sacrum are facets, for articulations with the pelvis at sacro-iliac joint
IVD in resisting mvm
50% of collagen fibres aligned in one direction and 50% in other in opp. direction so when rotate, 1/2 tension
IVD cervical
uncovertebral clefts = in rotation allows more mvmt. no restriction
- thick ant. AF = pivot for rotation
- 45˚ ZPJ, coronal
IVD lumbar
weight bearing - fibrosis - no unconvertebral clefts NP - gelatine - 90% water - vertical ZPJ
radiate ligament
connects vertebral body to ribs = stabilisation
anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
attached to basilar part of occipital bone, then to anterior tubercle of atlas, then to anterior body of axis and continues down vertebral column
posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
- attached superiorly to the posterior body of the axis - continues superiorly as the “tectorial membrane”
- usually broad and uniform in width in the cervical region, so is not scalloped
Ligamentum nuchae (LN)
- basically a combination of the interspinous ligaments and the supraspinous ligament
- extends from the external occipital protuberance and crest to the C7 spinous process
- forms a median septum, and its fibrous laminae are attached to the midline of the squamous occipital bone, posterior tubercle of C1, and spinous processes of C2-C6.
Transverse ligament of atlas
attached to the medial surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas. Passes posteriorly to the dens.
Alar ligament
These arise from the posterolateral aspect of the dens of the axis and attach to the margins of the foramen magnum.
thoracic
- radiate ligament
- costotransverse ligaments
Iliolumbar ligament
- L5 transverse processes to ilium.
intervertebral ligaments
- interspinous, supraspinous & intertransverse ligaments
- igamentum flavum (interlaminar space)
Compression - Vertebral body
inner portion is cancellous bone, the vertical trabeculae, supported by horizontal trabeculae, withstand compressive forces
Articular processes & zygapophysial joints: some compression force may be transmitted from the inferior articular process of the superior vertebra to the superior articular process or pars interarticularis of the vertebra below. Much less than via the anterior components listed above.
compression - intervertebral disc
fibrous IVD contain NP which distributes pressure evenly across disc. Expands adially and exert pressure on AF > inferior vertebrae
Translation / Shear:
Anterior translation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:
sup. articular facets aligned in coronal plane resits. ant translation of suo. vertebrae
- ALL
- posterior compression and anterior tension of AF
Translation / Shear:
Posterior translation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:
Interspinous ligament:
during flx. combined with ant. rotation with ant. translation, keeps z joints in contact
Intervertebral disc: ant. compression and posterior tension
Torsion:
Within a vertebra:
arrangement of trabeculae; thick pedicles attach posterior elements to the vertebral body
torsion - Axial rotation of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra:
sup. articular facets aligned in sagital plane resist axial rotation
The vertebral endplate
late is a combination of hyaline cartilage (covering the upper or lower aspect of the vertebral body) with the collagen fibres of the annulus fibrosus running through it. It is more firmly attached at the rim of VB.
- acts as boundary between IVD and vertebral body
pars interarticularis
lamina btwn articular processes
- easily fractured in hypoextension - inferior articular processes of above vertebrae jams/smashes pars int.
spondylolysis
spine fracture on one side of Pars Int.
spondylolisthesis
dislocation of both sides of pars int - slides anteriorly
common in L5/S1
