vertebral column 1 Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral column

A
  • 24 mobile vertebrae – regional differences
  • 23 intervertebral discs
  • ligaments
  • vertebral motion segments
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2
Q

vertebral column requirements

A
  • Protection
  • weight-bearing / force transmission
  • mobility
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3
Q

how do these requirements vary in the different regions?
• how does the bone & joint structure differ between the
regions to meet these different requirements?

A

lower levels of mobility > change into stability

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4
Q

Spinal stability / mobility

A

Stability & mobility of the vertebral column results from interplay between the:
• vertebrae / joint structure and the
• neuromuscular system

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5
Q

the vertebral column motion segment

A
the superior vertebra moves on the inferior vertebra
 • 2 vertebrae
• 1 intervertebral disc
• 3 joints
• Ligaments
• Muscles
• Nerves
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6
Q

gross mvm of vertebral column

A

flexion - superior vertebrae rotate and translate anterior
• extension
• lateral flexion
• axial rotation

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7
Q

vertebrae

A

anterior = interbody joint, intervertebral disc between 2 vertebral bodies
posterior - 2 zygapophoseal joints , processes and laminae

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8
Q

movements of the vertebral motion segment

A

3 x rotations (angular mvms) + 3 x translations (linear mvmts)
movements usually involve a combination of rotation and translation components

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9
Q

Typical vertebrae

A

Vertebral body = major weight bearing component (withstand compressive forces) Vertebral / neural arch = encloses vertebral foramen
Processes = muscle & ligament attachment &/or form joints with adjacent vertebrae

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10
Q

vertebral end plate

A

inside of vertebral body is hyline cartilage

- 2nd ossification centre which doesn’t increase bone length and site of anulus fibrosis attachment

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11
Q

Cervical vertebra:

A

small vertebral body
lateral / uncovertebral lips on body relatively large vertebral foramen transverse foramen (for vertebral artery)
anterior & posterior tubercles bifid spinous process Articular facets 45˚ to the transverse plane

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12
Q

thoracic vertebra:

A

medium sized body wedge shape: anterior v body height < posterior relatively small round vertebral foramen articular DEMIfacets on body articulate with ribs articular facets on transverse processes for ribs long, downward pointing spinous processes Articular facets almost in the coronal plane

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13
Q

lumbar vertebra:

A

large vertebral body for weight bearing
flat superior/inferior vertebral body
relatively small triangular vertebral foramen thick blunt spinous process
mammillary processes
accessory processes
Articular facets aligned almost in the sagittal plane

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14
Q

vertebral body in weight-bearing

A

The vertebral body is designed for withstanding compressive forces, It is unable to resist translation or rotational forces!
- withstranding compression: shell of cortical bone with horizontal and vertical trabecular internally which is filled with blood and bone marrow

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15
Q

vertebral body in weight-bearing struts

A

vertical are thickest

horizontal are smaller but supportive

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16
Q

nucleus pulposus

A
Up to 90% water (incompressible) 
thickens velocity:Proteoglycans, viscosity
moves but slows down
- less NP with aging
fibrocartilage fracture
17
Q

Vertebral endplates:

A

Hyaline cartilage / fibrocartilage due to annular fibres becomes part of disc

18
Q

Annulus fibrosus:

A

10 – 20 concentric layers
All fibres in 1 layer = same orientation & opposite to adjacent layers
65˚ angle to the vertical
( 1⁄2 to left: 1⁄2 to right)
incomplete layers of AF in lumbar = weakness
* within each layer is collage type 1 which withstands tension

19
Q

Role of the intervertebral disc in weight-bearing

A

NP incompressible
Vertical compression of NP (decreases vertical height) Expands radially & exerts pressure on annular fibres >
Annular fibres resist tension Exert pressure back onto NP >
NP & AF share the pressure
Pressure exerted onto vertebral endplates >
Transmits load to inferior vertebra

20
Q

Role of the intervertebral disc in movement

A

The intervertebral disc interposed between 2 flat articular surfaces permits rocking of the superior vertebra = movement + stability

21
Q

Role of the intervertebral disc in movement

A

Deformation of intervertebral discs contributes to intervertebral motion
- The ratio of intervertebral disc height to vertebral body height is smallest in the thoracic region … lower mobility
increase mobility = increase mobility

22
Q

Role of the intervertebral disc in movement

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion

Np moves and AF deforms

23
Q

flexion of spine

A

compresses anterior AF
NP moves posteriorly tensions posterior AF tensions z joint capsules tensions posterior ligaments tensions posterior muscles

24
Q

Role of the intervertebral disc in movement

A

axial rotation & translation
50% of collagen will compress/tighten while other 50% slack
- therefore 50% resist anterior rotation

25
Q

CERVICAL intervertebral disc structure

A
  • Uncovertebral clefts = transverse clefts / fissures in the cervical disc
  • Develop from approximately 9 years of age
  • Thick anterior annulus fibrosus = pivot for rotation
  • Posterolateral uncovertebral clefts facilitate axial rotation
  • Posterior swinging motion