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Bio > Vertebrae Theory Test > Flashcards

Vertebrae Theory Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic characteristics of a vertebrae.

A

Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hallow nerve chord
Notochord
Post-anal tail

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2
Q

Vertebrae modifications

A
  • Muscoskeletal
  • Physiology: Pharynx & Efficient Respiration
  • Pronounced Caphalisation: New Head, Brain & Sensory Features
  • Tripartite Brain (ability to respond to stimuli)
  • Neural Crest (new embryonic tissues)
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3
Q

Define:

Paedomorphosis

A

Evolutionary retention of juvenile or larval traits in adult body

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4
Q

Define:

Metamorphosis

A

The process of transforming from an immature form to an adult form with distinct stages

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5
Q

Cons of life on land

A
  1. Obtaining and conserving water
  2. Consuming oxygen from air
  3. Gravity
  4. Temperature
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6
Q

Why do animals need to conserve water?

A
  • Animals are mostly composed of water
  • All cellular activity occur in water
  • All embryos develop in aquatic environment
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7
Q

Why can’t fish consume oxygen from air?

A
  • Gills dry out and collapse out of the water

* Need large, wet surface area

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8
Q

Why is gravity an issue for terrestrial vertebrates?

A
  • Need bodily support

* Need to maintain blood pressure

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9
Q

Why is temperature an issue for terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Larger temperature range on land compared to in water.

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10
Q

Pre-adaptations for life on land

A
  • Lungs
  • Double circulation system
  • Muscular and bony fins
  • Pelvic & pectoral gridles
  • Well-developed kidneys
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11
Q

Terrestial eggs are called… and need to…

A

Amniotic Eggs

  • Protect from desiccation
  • Structural support
  • A place to store waste
  • Gas exchange mechanism
  • Food storage
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12
Q

Extra-embryonic membrane contain…

A
  • Yolk sac (nutrients)
  • Amnion
  • Allantois
  • Chorion
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13
Q

Allantois function as…

A

(In eggs)

  • Enlarged bladder
  • Collects nitrogenous wastes & CO2
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14
Q

Amnion function as…

A

(In eggs)

  • Fluid-filled sac surrounding embryo
  • Protection from desiccation and shocks
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15
Q

Chorion function as…

A
  • Discussion of O2
  • Fuses with allantois
  • Encloses whole embryo
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16
Q

Fish vs Reptile scales

A 
Fish = dermal 
Reptile = epidermal
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17
Q

Ectothermic vs Endothermic

A 
Ectothermic = reliant on external factors 
Endothermic = reliant on internal factors
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18
Q

Thermoregulation.

A

Homoestasis 0C - 40C
Too low - no metabolism
Too high - proteins denature

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19
Q

Seven classes of Chordata

A
  • Agnatha (jawless fish)
  • Chondrichtheys (cartilage fish)
  • Osteichtheys (bony fish)
  • Ambhibians (salamanders, toads, frogs)
  • Reptilia (snakes, turtles, lizards, crocs)
  • Aves (birds)
  • Mammalia
20
Q

Agnatha subclasses

A
  • Myxini (hagfish)
  • Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
  • Petromyzontida (lampreys)
21
Q

Gnathostomata are…

A

Jawed vertebrates

22
Q

Chondrichthyes subclasses

A
  • Elasmobranchii - True Shark & Rays)

* Holocephali - Chimeras

23
Q

Osteichtheys subclasses

A
  • Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

* Sarcopterygii (fleshy or lob-finned fishes)

24
Q

Amphibian orders

A
  • Anura (frogs & toads)
  • Caudata (Newts & Salamanders)
  • Apoda (Caecilians)
25
Q

Reptilian orders

A
  • Rhynchocephalia: Tuatara
  • Crocodylia: Crocodiles & Alligators
  • Chelonia: Turtles & Tortoises
  • Squamata: Snakes & Lizards
26
Q

Ave subclasses

A
  • Paleognathae

* Neognathae

27
Q

What kind of scales do sharks have?

A

Placoid

28
Q

What is the lateral-line of a shark used for?

A

Detecting and locating moving objects and animals in the water

29
Q

Ampullary organs of Lorenzini help shark to…

A

detect bioelectric fields at a close range

30
Q

What is the most diverse group of fish?

A

Ray-finned fishes

31
Q

Which fish live only in Australia, Africa, and South America?

A

Lungfishes

32
Q

What is the primary propulsive mechanism of a fish?

A

Its trunk and caudal musculature

33
Q

The evolutionary contribution of amphibians to life on land was the development of…

A

lungs & limbs

34
Q

In order for a terrestrial existence, early tetrapods evolved an internal air-filled cavity along
with…

A

double circulation

35
Q

Amphibians were the first vertebrate invaders of land, but most still must return to the water
to…

A

breed

36
Q

The Anura differ from the Caudata because the Anura…

A

lack a tail in the adult stage

37
Q

Define:

Amplexus

A

The process where the male frog clasps a female in order to be present for external
fertilization.

38
Q

Define:

Amplexus

A

The process where the male frog clasps a female in order to be present for external
fertilization.

39
Q

The anapsid skull is characterized by…

A

no temporal openings but possible deep emarginations

40
Q

The four monophyletic nonavian reptilian groups

A

Turtles
Crocodilians
Squamate
Tuataras

41
Q

Define:

Plastron

A

Ventral plate on a turtle shell

42
Q

Sister group to the lizards

A

Tuataras

43
Q

The vertebral column of a bird has been modified so it is…

A

Rigid with many vertebrae fused together

44
Q

What is the function of the large sheet-like pectoralis muscles of a bird?

A

It provides the downstroke of the wing

45
Q

A platypus is an exception to many mammals because it…

A

Lays eggs

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