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Anki COPY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

<b>What are two evolutionary developments Cnidaria have over Porifera?</b>

A

“Cnidaria have radial symmetry & have true tissues (Diplolastic - 2 germ layers)”

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2
Q

<b>What is cephalization?</b>

A

<div>Cephalization is the development of a distinct head</div>

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3
Q

“<b>What is a Ctenidia</b>”

A

Gills

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4
Q

“<b>Mollusca Characteristics? (10)<br></br></b><br></br>(segementation, symmetry, tissue development, 3 traits, morphology)”

A

“<b>Unsegmented</b><br></br>Bilateral Symmetry<br></br><b>Protosomes</b> :)<br></br><b>Coelomates</b><br></br>Calcium Carbonate Shell<br></br>Muscular Foot<br></br>Radula<br></br>Important environmental indicators (like frogs)<br></br><b>Nephrinda (like kidney)</b><br></br>Triploblastic”

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5
Q

“<b>What are the respitory features for enviroment type and types of circulation that Mollusca have?</b>”

A

“Aquatic have gills & terrestrial have lungs<br></br><br></br>- Cephalapoda have closed blood vessels<br></br>- Mollusucs have open blood vessels”

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6
Q

“<b>What trait defines Gastropoda?</b>”

A

Gastropods visceral mass goes through torsion during devleopment

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7
Q

“<b>Main traits of the 4 mollusca classes?</b>”

A

“<div><div><div><div><div>Polyplacophora (chitons) - 8 plates,</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Gastropoda(snails) - torsion</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Bivalvia(mussels) - <b>lacks radula</b>, attaches to rocks</div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div>Cephalopoda (octopus, squid, nautilis, cuttlefish)- foot modified into arms<br></br><br></br></div></div></div></div></div>”

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8
Q

“<b><div><span>How do Annelid subclass Hirudinea (leeches) feed</span></div></b>”

A

“<ul><li><div>Use oceli, smell, and mechanoreceptors (water disturbance) to detect food</div></li><li><div>Engulf prey whole or stab with<span>probiscis</span></div></li><li><div>Secrete<span>hirudin</span>(anticoloauglant) and an anaesthetic in saliva</div></li><li><div>Store blood in caeca which drops off when full</div></li></ul>”

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9
Q

“<b>Which invertebrates have the largest relative brain sizes?</b>”

A

Cephalopoda

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10
Q

“<b>How do annelids move?</b>”

A

“Contracting longitunidnal and circiular muslcesaround segments likeperistalsis”

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11
Q

“<b>Which Annelid class has many parapodia?</b>”

A

Polychaetae (marine bristle worms)

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12
Q

“<b>The annelid body plan can be described as which of the following?<br></br></b><br></br><div><div><div>A sac with an opening at one end.</div></div></div><div><div><div>A single tube lined by epithelium.</div></div></div><div><div><div>Acoelomate.<br></br>A tube within a tube.</div></div></div><br></br>”

A

<div><div><div>A tube within a tube</div></div></div>

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13
Q

“<b>Annelids move by contracting the ___muscles around their segments.</b>”

A

longitudinal

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14
Q

“<b>Main charcteristics ofPolychaeta?<br></br><br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b><br></br>repoduction<br></br>mouth parts<br></br>locomotion<br></br>organ systems”

A

“Marine Bristle Worms<br></br><br></br>no suckers<br></br>many parapodia on every segment<br></br>many bundles of chaetae<br></br>complete digestive system<br></br>open circulatory system<br></br>Head often highly modified = reflects feeding types<br></br>jaws<br></br>4 types of repoduction”

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15
Q

“<b>Annelid segments are divided from one another internally by?</b>”

A

Septa

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16
Q

Platyhelminths

A

Simple, unsegmented protostomes<br></br>dorsoventrally flattened body <br></br>Acoelomate<br></br>Gastrovascular cavity and hydrostatic skeleton<br></br>- 1 0r 2 Suckers<br></br>- No specialsed organs for gas exchange<br></br>- Absord and eliminate gasses across surface<br></br>-Cephalisation

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17
Q

“<b>What is Cephalisation?</b>”

A

disntict head structure

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18
Q

“<b>What is a protonephridia in platyhelminths?</b>”

A

Basic excretion organ<br></br>proto (early) neprdidia (head)

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19
Q

Three Platyhelminths classes?

A

Turbellaria - Planarians<br></br>Tremadtoda<br></br>Cercomermorpha

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20
Q

“<div style=""><b>Taxonomic Ranks of Phlyum Athropoda?</b></div>”

A

“<div style=""><div style=""><b><div style=""><b><div style=""><span>Subphylum</span></div></b></div></b><br></br></div><ul style=""><li style=""><div style=""><span>Chelicerata</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Arachnida:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span>Araneae</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Acarina</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Opiliones</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Amblypygi</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Solifugae</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Scorpions</span></div></li></ul><li><div style=""><span>Pycnogonida:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span>Pantopoda: </span><span>sea spiders</span></div></li></ul><li><div style=""><span>Merostomata:</span></div></li><ul><li><div style=""><span></span><span>Xiphosura</span><span>: </span><span>horseshoe crabs</span></div></li></ul></ul><li style=""><div style=""><span>Myriapoda</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Chilopoda:</span><span> </span><span>centipedes</span></div></li><li><div style=""><a><span>Diplopoda</span></a><span>:</span><span><i></i></span><a><span>millipedes</span></a></div></li></ul><li style=""><div style=""><span>Crustacea</span></div></li><ul style=""><li><div style=""><span>Remipedia</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Cephalocarida</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Branchiopoda</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Maxillopoda</span></div></li><li><div style=""><span>Malacostraca</span><span>: </span><span>isopods, crabs</span></div></li></ul><li style=""><div style="">Hexapoda<br></br><span>Insecta</span></div></li></ul></div>”

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21
Q

“<b>What makes Bivalvia shells unique?</b>”

A

Shell has 2 halves (made by mantle) that hinge

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22
Q

“<div style=""><b>What are the 6 Arachnida orders?</b></div>”

A

“<ol><li><div style="">Acarina(mites/ticks): Parasitic, Hypostome mouth part</div><i><div style=""><i>Lxodia</i> - ticks. haller’s organ</div></i><i><div style=""><i>Mites</i> - no eyes, no mouth anchorage</div></i></li><li style="">Amblypygi (whip scorpions): no venom/silk, front legs act like antennae, pincer like chelicerae.</li><li style="">Solifugae (camel spiders): no silk/venom, large chelicerae for stridulation</li><li style="">Opiliones (daddy long legs): no silk/venom, 2 eyes, 3 tagmata fused into 1, scent gland in head</li><li style="">Scorpions:Telson - stinger w/ venom glands. Metasoma - last 5 body segements. <b>not oviparous</b><br></br></li><li style="">Araneae (spiders): Chelicerae modified into fangs, venom, spinnerets, silk</li></ol><b><div style=""><br></br></div><br></br><br></br></b><b><br></br></b>”

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23
Q

“<b>What is the Haller’s Organ?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“The Haller’s Organ is found in Lyxodia (ticks). It’s a sensory cavity at the end of the first pair of legs.<br></br><br></br>”

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24
Q

“<b>What are 6 differences between an Acoelomate and a Coelomate?</b>”

A

“Acoelomates….<br></br><ul><li>Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)</li><li>Always Protosome</li><li>Mesoderm develops into internal organs, but no coelom</li><li>Only 1 body cavity (disgestive)</li><li>Unsegmented</li><li>Internal organs no in fluid</li><li><i>Ex.) Platyhelminthes: Tape worms, flukes, planarians</i></li></ul>Coelomtes…<br></br><ul><li>Invert or Vertebrate</li><li>Protosome or deuterostomes</li><li>Mesoderm develops into organs AND coelom tissues</li><li>Multiple body cavities - coeolom, digestive tract, etc.</li><li>Segemented</li><li>Internal organs embedded in fluid</li><li><i>Ex. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida, etc.</i></li></ul>”

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25
Q

“<b>An unsegemented protosome, who’s organs are not embedded in fluid are called?</b>”

A

Acoelomate

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26
Q

“<b>Descibe each type of body cavity</b><br></br><br></br><img></img>”

A

“<img></img>”

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27
Q

“<b>What are 3 ways Arthropods more evolutionary advanced than Annelids?</b>”

A

“Segmentation<br></br>Annelids have metametric segementation (organ repition) while arthropods have specfic segments for different functions<br></br><br></br>Respiration<br></br>Annelids breathe across body surface while arthropods have trachea and gills<br></br><br></br>Locomotion<br></br>Annelids move by parapodia, arthropods move with jointed appendages<br></br>”

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28
Q

“<b>Name several (6) adaptations that helped Arthropods transition to land</b>”

A

“<ol><li>Waxy cuticle</li><li>Book lungs & tracheae -Respiriatory organs inside body</li><li>Appendages & strong muscles</li><li>Sensory adaptations</li><li>Terresterial internal fertilization, Oviparous</li><li>Thermoregulatory adaptations (diapause)</li></ol>”

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29
Q

“<b>How do Lxodia feed?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Haller’s organ on first leg detects prey <br></br>Hypostome inserted and anchors <br></br>”

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30
Q

“<b>What is aChelae?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Modified chelicerae into a pincer<br></br><br></br>Ex.) crabs, scorpions, daddy long legs

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31
Q

“<b>What is Diaxial vs Paraxial?<br></br></b><img></img><img></img>”

A

“Araneomorphs - Diaxal: diagonal pinching<br></br>Mygalomorph - Paraxial: downwards”

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32
Q

“<b>What areNephrotoxins?</b>”

A

Toxins affecting kidneys

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33
Q

“<b>Describe class Merostomata? (</b>Order Xiphosura)<br></br><img></img>”

A

“<b>Horseshoe Crabs</b><br></br><ul><li>Convergent with true crabs, but not true crabs</li><li>Fused cephalophorax/prosoma</li><li>10 eyes</li><li>5 pairs of legs</li><li>Chelae</li><li>Book Gills</li><li>Blood important for covid & meningitis vaccine, many pharamcuetical purposes due to presence of ameobyctes that detect endotoxins</li><li>Blue blood from high copper content</li></ul><br></br>”

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34
Q

“<b>DescribeClass Pycnogonida (</b>Order Pantopoda)<br></br><img></img><br></br>”

A

“<b>Sea Spiders</b><br></br><ul><li>Respiration via diffusion (not book gills?)</li><li>Not related to land spideres</li><li>Long probiscus for feeding</li><li>4 ocelli</li><li>4-6 pairs of legs</li></ul><img></img><br></br>”

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35
Q

“<b>Describe Annelids (11 traits)</b>”

A

“<ul><li>help breakdown organic matter & increase soil porosity</li><li><b>metameric segmentation</b> across body (tissue repetition)<br></br></li><li>Segements seperated by septa = rings</li><li>Closed circulatory system</li><li>Hydrostatic skeleton<br></br></li><li>Protostome</li><li>Cerebral ganglia (primitive brain)</li><li>Nephridium (excretory organ)<br></br></li><li>Hermaprodites reproduce sexually or asexually via fragmentation</li><li>No exoskeleton (chitin cuticle)</li><li><b>Circular & longitudinal muscles = directed movements</b></li></ul>”

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36
Q

“<b>Describe Annelids primitive brains & purpose<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Annelids have a cerebral ganglion network that connects to the ventral nerve cord. These nerve segments branch off into each body segment. <br></br><br></br>This helps with movement.”

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37
Q

“<b>Describe Class Polychaeta<br></br></b>feeding types, head regions, locomotion, digestive system, feeding parts, suckers, circulatory system<br></br><img></img>”

A

“<div style=""><b>Bristle Worms</b></div><ul><li style="">All feeding types</li><li style="">Respiration via diffusion or parapodia (bristleworms)</li><li style="">2 head regions - Prostonium & Peristonium</li><li style="">Complete digestive system</li><li style="">Open circulatory system</li><li style="">Parapodia on most segments: muscular bristles for movement</li><li style="">No suckers</li><li style="">Pharynx, tentacles and palps for feeding<br></br></li><li style="">Greatest cephalization</li><li style="">Some have jaws & nuerotoxic venom</li><li style="">Some are selective deposit feeders and non selective</li></ul><div style=""><br></br></div><div style=""><img></img></div>”

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38
Q

“<b>Describe Polychaeta parapodia<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<ul><li>Occur on most segments</li><li>Movement, respiration and reproduction</li><li>Notopodium = dorsal lobe used for respiration and locomotion</li><li>Neuropodium = ventral lobe used in locomotion</li><li>Respiration across body surface or parapodia gills</li><li>Chaetae for gripping the substrate</li><li>Cirri = fused bundles of cilia; sense pressure waves</li></ul>”

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39
Q

“<b>Notopodium vs Nueropodium<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

“Branched lobe of parapodia in Annelids<br></br><ul><li>Notopodium= dorsal lobe used for respiration and locomotion</li><li>Neuropodium= ventral lobe used in locomotion</li></ul>”

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40
Q

“<b>What are cirri?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Fused bundles of cilia; sense pressure waves on parapodia in Annelids

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41
Q

“<b>Which Annelid has the greatest cephalization?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Polychaeta

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42
Q

“<b>What are the 2 types of deposit feeders in Polycheata?</b>”

A

“Feeds on organic matter in substrate<br></br><br></br>Selective: (ornate worm - Amphitrite ornata)<br></br>mucous secretions on tentacles; cilia transport food to mouth<br></br><br></br>Non-selective: (lungworms Arenicola sp.)<br></br>reduced parapodia”

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43
Q

“<b>Describe reproduction in Annelids</b>”

A

“<ul><li>Seasonally have reproductive organs in all segments, but not permanentley</li><li><b>Not hermaphrodites</b>, dioecious</li><li>Internal & external fertilization</li><li>Trochophore free larvae</li></ul><br></br>”

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44
Q

“<b>What are the 4 types of reproduction in Polychaeta </b>(Bristle Worm, Annelids)?<br></br><img></img>”

A

“<ul><li>Traditional - insertion & internal</li><li>Broadcast Spawning -like corals</li><li>Epitoky - Atoke back segments break open & release gamtes for external fertilization</li><li>Aseuxal - budding</li></ul>”

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45
Q

“<b>Describe Class Clitellata<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<b>Leeches & Earthworms</b><br></br><ul><li>10 Ocelli</li><li>Parasitic</li><li>No parapodia or chatae</li><li>Clitellum</li><li>Subclasses Hirudinea (leeches) and Oligochaeta (earthworms)</li></ul>”

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46
Q

“<b>What are the 5 characteristics that makes an ““animal””?</b>”

A

“<ol><li style="">Multicellular<span> - protiens</span></li><li style="">Heterotrophic<span> - digestive enzyme</span></li><li style="">Eukaryotic</li><li style="">Tissues develop from embryonic layers <span>- bcuz sexual repoduction</span></li><li style=""><span>Developmental genes - genes tell other genes what to do</span></li></ol>”

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47
Q

“<b>What do hox genes in arthropods do?</b>”

A

They direct segements to grow wings, legs, antennea, etc.

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48
Q

“<b>How do you differentiate animal groups? Describe the 4 factors</b>”

A

“<ol><li style=""><u>Body plans symmetry:</u>bilateral , asymmetry, radial<br></br><br></br></li><li><div style=""><u>Tissue Development:</u>embroytic/germ layers<br></br>Ectoderm (epidermis & CNS)<br></br></div><div style="">Mesoderm <span>(muscles & organs)</span></div><div style="">Endoderm<span> (digestive system & organs)<br></br><br></br></span></div></li><li><div style=""><u>Body Cavity:</u></div><div style="">Coleomate<span> (vertebrates, cushions organ)</span></div><div style="">Pseudocoleomate <span>(hydrostatic skeleton)</span></div><div style="">Aceolomate<span> (no body cavity, embedded in meso)<br></br><br></br></span></div></li><li><div style=""><u>Development mode:</u></div><div style="">Protosome<span> - </span><b>blastophore</b><span> = mouth</span></div><div style="">Deuterostome<span> - </span><b>blastophore</b><span> = anus</span></div><div style=""><br></br></div><div style=""><br></br></div></li></ol>”

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49
Q

“<b>What are hox genes?</b>”

A

“They control development of a bilateral animal’s body plan, specifically the Anteiror (front/ventral) - Posterior (back/dorsal) axis”

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50
Q

“<b>Hox genes vshomeoboxes?</b>”

A

Hox genes only occur in bilateral animals and control formation of the dorsal/ventral axis in embryo, while homeoboxes occur in all eukaryotes and control gene expression

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51
Q

“<b>What layers do Triploblastic animals contain?</b>”

A

“<b>3 germ/embryonic layers:</b><br></br><br></br>Ectoderm - epidermis and CNS<br></br>Mesoderm - muscles, some organs outside the disgestive tract<br></br>Endoderm - lining of digestive system, other organs<br></br>”

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52
Q

“<b>What layers do Diploblastic animals contain? Example?</b>”

A

“<b>2 germ/embryonic layers:</b><br></br><br></br>Ectoderm- epidermis and CNS<br></br>Endoderm- lining of digestive system, other organs<br></br><br></br>ex:Cnidaria only<br></br>”

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53
Q

“<b>Do triploblasts or diploblasts have a coeolom?</b>”

A

Triploblasts because of the mesoderm

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54
Q

“<b>What type of body cavity functions as a hydrostatic skeleton?</b>”

A

Pseudocolom<br></br><br></br>found in Pseudocoelomates & acetocoleomates

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55
Q

“<b>What is a hydrostatic skeleton, and gives examples of animals.<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

A flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure<br></br><br></br>Ex.) Cnidaria, Nematodes, Platyhelminths, Arthropoda, Annelids

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56
Q

“<b>What is a pseudocoleom? What body cavities is it present in?</b>”

A

“A pseudocoloem is a<b>fluid-filled cavity that lies between the outer wall and the digestive tract</b>. Can act as a <b>hydrostatic skeleton</b> in Aceolomates and Psuedocoelomates.<span><br></br><br></br><br></br></span>”

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57
Q

“<b>Protosome vs Dueterosome</b>”

A

“Blastophore is a small opening in embryo<br></br><br></br>Protosome-<b>blastophore</b>= mouth<br></br>ex.) molluscs, annelids<br></br><br></br>Deuterostome-<b>blastophore</b>= anus<br></br>ex.)”

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58
Q

“<b>What is bioprospecting and give an example</b>”

A

Research into natural resources for valuable products (venoms for pharameuticals)

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59
Q

“<b>What is biomonitoring?</b>”

A

Way to measure toxicity in an environment (like frogs)<br></br>ex. Porifera

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60
Q

“<b>Describe Porifera (11 traits)<br></br><br></br></b>repoduction<br></br>tissues<br></br>body type<br></br>feeding<br></br>symmetry<br></br>defenses<br></br>embyrotic development<br></br>cells”

A

“<ul><li>highly specialised cells in mesophyl jelly</li><li>simple, multicellular w/o true tissues</li><li>mostly sequentially hermaphroditic & asexual</li><li>have spongocel (central cavity for feeding) <b>(acoelomate)</b></li><li>suspension feeding - food directly into cell & excrete out</li><li>asymmetrical</li><li>1 germ layer (neither diplo- nor triploblastic)</li><li>use chemical defenses</li><li>no mouth or anus (neither protosome or dueterosome)</li><li>have sessile to attach to substrate</li><li>All life processes w/o tissues or organs, cells act as organs</li></ul>”

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61
Q

“<b>Describe the morphology of Porifera</b>”

A

“Epidermis: Comprise of pinacocytes (line exterior of sponge)<br></br>Mesophyl: houses specalised cells, gelantinous<br></br>Spicules: calcium carbonate, deter predators, arragnement = species<br></br>Ostias: pores allow water to enter<br></br>Osculum: opening at the top of spongocel<br></br><br></br><u><b>""Skeleton""</b></u><br></br>Spongin - protein, acts as endoskelton, shape, made by spongocytes<br></br>Some Porifera have collogen ““skeletons”” instead made bycollencytes<br></br><br></br><b><u>Cells: </u></b><br></br>Choanocyte: flaggelated food trapped in filter feeding<br></br>Ambeobocyte: excretion, can become gametes, repoduction, digest food<br></br>Pinacocytes: make up the epidermis, line exterior of sponge”

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62
Q

“<b>How do choanocytes in Porifera funciton?</b>”

A

“<div style="">Filter feeding</div><ul><li style="">Flagellated</li><li style="">beat to draw water into ostia pores through to the spongocoel</li><li style="">Food partciles get trapped and digested in ambeocytes</li><li style="">excreted out the osculum</li></ul>”

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63
Q

“<b>What are Amoebocytes cells?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<b>Totipotet</b> - can change function from excretion, repoduction, digestion, secretion of spongin and spicules<br></br>”

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64
Q

“<b>What aresclerocytes in Porifera?</b>”

A

cells that secrete spicules that deter predators

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65
Q

“<b>What are the 3 different canal systems in sponges?</b>”

A

“<b>Asconoid </b>(simplest) -<br></br> no thickness/folds (limits feeding)<br></br> no flagellated chambers<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><b>Synconoid</b> (moderate)<br></br> thicker (better ability to filter food)<br></br> have some flagellated chambers<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><b>Leuconoid</b> (most complex)<br></br> more common<br></br> very thick (increased surface area for increased feeding)<br></br> small exit canal = NO SPONGOCEL<br></br> many flagellated chambers<br></br><img></img><br></br>”

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66
Q

“<i>gonochorism</i>”

A

“sequential hermaphrodites, distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocyes/ameoboyctes<br></br><div style=""><br></br></div>”

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67
Q

“<b>What are the 3 types of asexual repoduction in Porifera?</b>”

A

“<b><u>Asexual 3 types:</u></b><br></br>Budding - new growth detaches & attaches to new surface<br></br>Fragmentation & Regeneration - regrows missing parts, all pieces grow on new surface<br></br>Gemmules - food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve<br></br>”

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68
Q

“<b>3 Classes of Sponges?</b>”

A

“<b>Class Calcarea:</b><br></br> calcium carbonate spicules<br></br> 1,4,6, rays<br></br> no spongin<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><b>Class Demospongia:</b><br></br> 1, 3, 4 ray<br></br> most abundant<br></br> lueconoid<br></br> have spongin and spicules<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><b>Class Hexactinellida</b> (Glass sponges)<br></br> intricate silica spicules<br></br> 6 rays<br></br><img></img><br></br>”

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69
Q

“<b>Describe Monaxons, triaxons and tetraxons?</b>”

A

They are all spicules<br></br><br></br>Monaxons - one axis<br></br>Triaxons - 6 axis<br></br>Tetraxons - 4 axis

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70
Q

“<b>What does the endoderm do in Cnidaria?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Digestion<br></br><br></br>Gives rise to gastrodermis (digestion) and gland cells (secrete enzymes)”

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71
Q

“<b>What is the mesoglea?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Sort of like a third germ layer but it’s not true tissue<br></br>functions for flotation and structure<br></br>jelly like”

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72
Q

“<b>What is gastrolation?</b>”

A

“The process that turns zygote into embrotic germ layers via mitosis <br></br><br></br><br></br>embryotic layers result from zygote undergoing gastrolation<br></br><br></br>Zygote - mitosis - gastrolation = germ layer”

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73
Q

“<b>What is a Cnidaria’s simple mind? How do they move and sense environment?<br></br><br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“They don’t have brain, instead they have nerve net from simple tissues/nerves all over body<br></br><br></br>Sense enviorment actively and respond to tactile touch on nerve net.<br></br><br></br>Move away/towards stimulus by contracting/pulsing motion (jellyfish move)”

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74
Q

“<b>What are the layers of Cnidaria tissues?</b>”

A

“Ectoderm<br></br>Endoderm<br></br>Mesoglea - jelly like fake ““tissue””. not true tissue or mesoderm”

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75
Q

“<b>Descibe Cnidaria (8 traits)</b>”

A

“<ul><li style=""><span>simple</span></li><li style=""><b>have true tissues</b>(germ layers)</li><li style="">seperate sexes (dieocious) and hermaphrodites</li><li style="">radial symmetry</li><li><div style="">Polymorphicw/ 2 different life phases:</div><div style="">Polyp<span>(sit & wait) &</span>Medusa<span>(hunting)</span></div></li><li style="">Cnidocytes- explosive venomous organ for prey capture/defense</li><li style="">Aceolomate (digestive compartment)</li><li style="">hydrostatic skeleton<span>(fluid pressure in body compartment)</span></li></ul>”

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76
Q

“<b>What type of socialization do Cnidaria have?</b>”

A

Solitary corals - one polyp mouth to feed<br></br><br></br>Colonial corals - many polyp mouths to feed (reefs with skeleton under tissues)

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77
Q

“<b>Describe the polymorphic bodies of Cnidaria (mouth, body shape, reproduction)</b>”

A

“Polyps - cylindical body, mouth on top surrounded by tentacles. sexual & asexual (budding/splittint)<br></br><br></br>Medusae - jellyfish like bell structure, mouth on bottom protected by tentacles. sexual repoduction only”

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78
Q

“<b>Describe the 2 componets of the stinging cells in Cnideria<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“cnidocytes - tentacle arms<br></br><br></br>nematocytes - stinging capsules, explosive ball of pain, contains venomous arrow w/ sensor thread”

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79
Q

“<b>How are Cnidaria symbiotic?</b>”

A

“<u>Coral Reefs:</u><br></br><br></br>Photosynthesis = coral bleaching expelling the zooanthelle (protist algae)<br></br>”

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80
Q

“<b>What are the 5 classes of Cnideria?<br></br></b><br></br><img></img>”

A

“<b><u>Anthozoans (hexa/octo...corllia)</u></b><br></br>soliatry or social polyps, no medusa<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br> <b>Subclass</b> <b>Hexacorallia</b>: <i>anemones & hard corals</i><br></br> not calcified but attached by pedal disc<br></br> asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)<br></br> some seasonally hermaphrodites<br></br> brooders - period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom<br></br> 6 tentacles (or multiples of 6)<br></br> calcified skeleton = coral reefs<br></br> zooanthelle<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><b>Subclass</b><b>Octocorallia</b>:<i>soft corals, sea fans</i><br></br> colonial only<br></br> 8 feathery tentacles and sclerites (fleshy internal skeleton)<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><u><b>Staurozoa </b>(</u><u>star jellyfish)</u><br></br>medusae only, trumpet stape <br></br>attaches to substrate with thin stalk shape<br></br>larvae creep along the ground (not free living)<br></br>sexual - gametes released into water<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><u><b>Hydrozoa </b>(portuguese man-o-war)<br></br></u>bioluminescent<br></br>asexual& sexual, colonial and solitary, some freshwater<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><i><b> Hydra sp</b></i>. <br></br> freshwatersolitarypolyp, no medusa<br></br> 2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)<br></br> <br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br> <b><i>Physalia physalis colony</i></b>(man of war)<br></br> Looks like a single organism, but <b>individual different polyps</b><br></br> <br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><u><b>Scyphozoa</b> (true jellies, moon jelly)</u><br></br>four arms & four gastic pouches for balance<br></br>rhopalium<br></br>Medusa have tentacles around bell<br></br>*life cycle ofAurelia sp.<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><br></br><b><u>Cubozoa (box jelly)</u></b><br></br>cube-shaped medusa w/ tentacles form each corner<br></br>dominate medusa stage<br></br>opening restricted by a velarium<br></br>rhopalium<br></br>lethal venom<br></br><br></br><img></img>”

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81
Q

“<b>Describe the life cycle of a <i>Aurelia sp. </i></b>(Scyphozoa)<br></br><img></img><br></br><a><div></div></a>”

A

“<a></a><div><a></a><a></a><div style=""><a></a><div style=""><a></a><a>(Class<u>Scyphozoa)</u></a><a></a><div style=""><a></a><div style=""><a><br></br></a><ol><a></a><li><a></a><a></a><div><a></a><div style=""><a></a><div style=""><a></a><a><div style=""><div style="">Aurelia sp. are both sexual & asexual.</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li><a></a><div><a></a><a><div style="">Medusae are sexually mature & dioecious, they release gametes in the water</div></a></div></li><li><a><div>zygote develops into a larva and attaches to the sea floor (sexual stage) develops into a polyp.</div></a></li><li><div><a><div style="">Polyp (asexual stage) produce several clones via budding and drift away called ephyra (like juvenilles)</div></a></div></li></ol></div></div></div></div><a></a></div><div></div><div></div><div></div>”

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82
Q

“<b>What is this?</b><img></img>”

A

“<span>Obelia sp.<br></br><br></br></span>”

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83
Q

“<img></img>”

A

Chironex nematocyst<br></br>

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84
Q

“<img></img>”

A

Soft coral spiclues under microscope

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85
Q

“<img></img>”

A

Hydra under microscope

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86
Q

“<b>Describe Anthozoans & the 2 subclasses</b>”

A

“<b><u>Anthozoans (hexa/octo...corllia)</u></b><br></br>soliatry or social polyps,no medusa<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br> <b>Subclass</b><b>Hexacorallia</b>:<i>anemones & hard corals</i><br></br> not calcified but attached by pedal disc<br></br> asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)<br></br> some seasonally hermaphrodites<br></br> brooders- period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom<br></br> 6 tentacles (or multiples of 6)<br></br> calcified skeleton = coral reefs<br></br> zooanthelle<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br><b>Subclass</b><b>Octocorallia</b>:<i>soft corals, sea fans</i><br></br> colonial only<br></br> 8 feathery tentacles andsclerites(fleshy internal skeleton)<br></br><img></img><br></br>”

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87
Q

“<b>DescribeScyphozoa<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<u><b>Scyphozoa</b>(true jellies, moon jelly)</u><br></br>four arms and four gastic pouches for balance<br></br>rhopalium -oceli & statocysts detect light<br></br>Medusa have tentacles around bell<br></br>*life cycle ofAurelia sp.<br></br>”

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88
Q

“<b>Describe Cubozoa<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<b><u>Cubozoa (box jelly)</u></b><br></br>cube-shaped medusa w/ tentacles form each corner<br></br>dominate medusa stage<br></br>opening restricted by a velarium<br></br>rhopalium -oceli & statocysts detect light<br></br>lethal venom”

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89
Q

“<b>DescribeHydrozoa & 2 species examples<br></br></b>”

A

“<u><b>Hydrozoa</b>(portuguese man-o-war)<br></br></u>bioluminescent<br></br>asexual& sexual, colonial and solitary, some freshwater<br></br><br></br><i><b></b></i><i><b>Hydra sp</b></i>.<br></br> freshwatersolitarypolyp,no medusa<br></br> attached by a pedal disc but can move<br></br> 2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)<br></br> sexual & asexual<br></br><img></img><br></br><br></br> <b><i>Physalia physalis colony</i></b>(man of war)<br></br> Looks like a single organism, but<b>individual different polyps</b><br></br> -dacylozooids: defense & prey capture<br></br> -pneumatophore: floatation<br></br> -gastrozooids:feeding<br></br> -gonozooids: reproduction<br></br><img></img>”

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90
Q

“<b>Describe Staurozoa<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<u><b>Staurozoa</b>(</u><u>star jellyfish)</u><br></br>medusae only, trumpet stape<br></br>attaches to substrate with thin stalk shape<br></br>larvae creep along the ground (not free living)<br></br>sexual - gametes released into water”

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91
Q

“<div style=""><b>What are the two types of ““Skeletons”” in Porifera and what are they made of?</b></div>”

A

“<div style="">Spongin=spongocytes(made by) protein, acts as endoskelton, shape,</div><div style=""><br></br>Some 10% have collogen ““skeletons”” instead made bycollencytes<br></br><br></br>Spongin=spongocytes<br></br>collogen =<span>collencytes<br></br></span><br></br></div>”

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92
Q

“<b>How do Porifera eat?</b>”

A

“Water/nutrients enter the spongocoel (large central cavity)from pores in the body wall called os<b>tia</b> and is excreted via a large opening at the top called the<b>osculum</b>”

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93
Q

“<b>What are 3 cell types of Porifera?</b>”

A

“Choanocyte:flaggelated, food trapped in mucous collar for filter feeding<br></br>Ambeobocyte: excretion, can become gametes, repoduction, digest food<br></br>Pinacocytes:make up the epidermis, line exterior of sponge”

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94
Q

“<b><div>The three germ layers of triploblastic animals are, starting with the deepest layer:</div></b>”

A

Endoderm<br></br>Mesoderm<br></br>Ectoderm

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95
Q

“<b>Do Porifera have have organs?</b>”

A

No<br></br><br></br>They carry out all life processes w/o true tissues (so no organ) cells act as organs

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96
Q

“<b>Asconoid canals have many chambers. True or False?</b>”

A

False<br></br><br></br>no thickness/folds (limits feeding)<br></br>no flagellated chambers

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97
Q

“<b>The lack of folds in Ascenoid canals limits feeding, True or False?</b>”

A

True - less folds = less surface area, meaning less opportunities

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98
Q

“<b>Asconoid,</b><b>Synconoid</b>,<b>Leuconoid</b><br></br><br></br>Put the terms together:<br></br><span><br></br></span><ul><li><span>no spongeocel</span></li><li>many flagellated chambers<br></br></li><li>no thickness/folds </li><li>more common<br></br></li><li>some flagellated chambers<br></br></li><li>limited feeding</li><li>very thick, increased surface area for increased feeding<br></br></li><li>small exit canal<br></br></li><li>moderate thickness/folds</li></ul>”

A

“<b>Asconoid</b>(simplest) -<br></br> no thickness/folds (limits feeding)<br></br> no flagellated chambers<br></br><br></br><br></br><b>Synconoid</b>(moderate)<br></br> thicker (better ability to filter food)<br></br> have some flagellated chambers<br></br><br></br><br></br><b>Leuconoid</b>(most complex)<br></br> more common<br></br> very thick (increased surface area for increased feeding)<br></br> small exit canal<br></br> many flagellated chambers<br></br>”

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99
Q

“<b>What do pinacocytes cells make up in Porifera?</b>”

A

“Epidermis(line exterior of sponge)”

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100
Q

“<b>What cells line the exterior of sponge?</b>”

A

pinacocytes

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101
Q

“<b>What is the opening at the top of spongocel?</b>”

A

“<span>Osculum</span>”

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102
Q

“<b>What is the gelantinous material that houses specalised cells in Porifera called?</b>”

A

“Mesophyl”

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103
Q

“<b>What is a spongocoel?</b>”

A

“Sponges are a hollow cylinder with a large central cavity called thespongocoel.”

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104
Q

“<b>Which body canal in sponges has no spongeocel?</b>”

A

Luceonoid

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105
Q

“<b>Pinacocytes</b>”

A

make up the epidermis, line exterior of spong

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106
Q

“<b>Choanocyte</b>”

A

cell of flaggelated finger like projectors, food trapped in mucous collar for filter feeding

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107
Q

“<b>DescribeSeuxal Repoduction in Sponges<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

<br></br><ul><li>Chaonocytes transfer sperm to amoebocytes</li><li>who transfer sperm into eggs<br></br></li><li>Then fertilised and develop in mesophyl</li><li>larvae are released via the spongocoel</li><li>larvae swim and grow on substrate</li></ul><b></b>

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108
Q

“<b>Describe 3 types of asexual repoduction in sponges</b>”

A

“<b><u>Asexual 3 types:</u></b><br></br>Budding- new growth breaks off & attaches to new surface<br></br>Fragmentation & Regeneration- regrows missing parts, pieces grow on newsurface<br></br>Gemmules- food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve”

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109
Q

“<b>What is aGemmules in Porifera<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

asexual reproduction <br></br>food balls kind of like spores that survive harsh conditions, break open when conditions improve

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110
Q

“<b>Are all animals multicellular?</b>”

A

Yes

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111
Q

“<b>What porifera cell can differentiate into gametes?</b>”

A

Ambeocytes

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112
Q

“<b>When a leuconoid sponge has a small exit canal, it also doesn’t have…?</b>”

A

has no spongeocel

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113
Q

“<b>Are Porifera sequential hermaprodites?</b>”

A

“yes<br></br><br></br>(sometimes<span>♂ or</span>♀)w/o self fertilization”

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114
Q

“<b>Do porifera have reproductive organs?</b>”

A

no official repoduction structures

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115
Q

“<b>gonochorism</b>”

A

sequential hermpahrodites, distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocyes/ameoboyctes<br></br><div><br></br></div>

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116
Q

“<b>In what phylum do specalised cells act as organs?</b>”

A

Porifera

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117
Q

“<b>What calls areTotipotet?</b>”

A

Amebeocytes

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118
Q

“<b>Which class of Sponge has no spongin?</b>”

A

“<b>Calcarea</b>”

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119
Q

“<b>Asconoid canals have no flagellated chambers, True or False?</b>”

A

True - no flagellated chambers

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120
Q

A body cavity that hold internal organs is a?

A

Coelom

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121
Q

“<b>The first phyla of animals to have a true coleom are the</b>”

A

Annelids

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122
Q

“<b>The first class of animals to have a true coleom and alimentary canal are the</b>”

A

Oligochetaes ?

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123
Q

“<b>What areMetanephridia?</b>”

A

“A gland involved in excretion, mainly found in invertebrates such as annelids , arthropods and mollusca. “

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124
Q

“<b>Which animal phyla have aMetanephridia?<br></br><br></br>annelids<br></br>arthropods<br></br>platyhelminths<br></br>porifera<br></br>mollusca</b>”

A

Mollusca<br></br>Annelid<br></br>Arthropods

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125
Q

“<b>What are chaetae?</b>”

A

“<span>Chitinous (chiton) bristles or seta found in annelid worms<br></br></span>”

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126
Q

“<b>DoPolychaete have chaetae?</b>”

A

“<span>Polychaete annelids are named for their chaetae. In Polychaeta, chaetae are found as </span>bundles on the parapodia<span> on every </span>segement”

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127
Q

“<b>Are annelids cuticle made of Chitin?</b>”

A

No, non chitnous

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128
Q

“<b>Are Polychaeta hermaphrodites? What type of fertilization? Do they have permenant reproductive structures?</b>”

A
  • not hermaphrodites (dioecious)<br></br>- Internal & extrernal fert, often broadcast spawning<br></br>- no permenant repoductive structures, seasonal
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129
Q

“<b>What is the role of a</b><b>caeca</b><b>?</b>”

A

stores undigested food

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130
Q

“<b>Describe Subclass Hirudinea (leeches)<br></br></b><img></img><br></br><br></br><span>Segment count</span><br></br><span>defining traits</span><br></br><span>repoduction</span><br></br><span>feeding<br></br></span>regeneration<br></br><span>mouth</span><br></br><span>body parts</span><br></br><span>prey detection</span>”

A

“<ul><li style="">34 segments</li><li style="">2 suckers on each end for movement and feeding</li><li style="">Caecae stores food</li><li style="">can’t regenerate</li><li style="">Hermaphrodites</li><li style="">Secrete cocoon (otheca like) with fertilised eggs from clitellum)</li><li style="">Engulf prey whole or stab with probiscis</li><li style="">Blade jaws<br></br></li><li style="">Secrete hirudin (anticoloauglant) and an anaesthetic in saliva</li><li style="">Stores blood, caecae drop off when full</li><li style="">Use oceli, smell, and mechanoreceptors (water disturbance) to detect food</li></ul>”

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131
Q

“<b>What are the defining differences between Clitella and Polycheata</b>”

A

“<b>Clitella:</b><br></br>Presence of a clitella<br></br>No parapodia or chetea<br></br>Hermaphrodites<br></br><br></br>Polycheata:<br></br>Many parapodia and chetea<br></br>”

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132
Q

“<b>What are 3 traits ofHirudinea repoduction?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

<ul><li>Hermaphrodites</li><li>Swap sperm</li><li>Secrete cocoon (otheca like) with fertilised eggs from clitellum</li></ul>

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133
Q

“<b>Describe subclass Oligochaeta (earthworms)<br></br></b><img></img><br></br><br></br>locomotion<br></br>innovations<br></br>eyes”

A

<ul><li>amazing regeneration</li><li>move via peristalsis</li><li>Major Innovation: full alimentary canal = complete digestion</li><li>respire across surface via moisture</li><li>Major innovation: excretion via metanephridia</li><li>no eyes</li></ul>

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134
Q

“<b>What are two major evolutionary innovations that Oligochatae have?</b>”

A

“<ul><li>full alimentary canal = complete digestion</li><li>metanephridia for excretion</li></ul>”

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135
Q

“<b>Do all annelids have aprostomium and peristomium?</b>”

A

“No - leeches don’t”

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136
Q

“<b>What are the prostomium and peristomium?</b><br></br><img></img><img></img>”

A

prostomium is in front of the mouth <br></br><br></br>peristomium <b>surrounds </b>the opening of the mouth

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137
Q

“<b>What are the 6 regions in an Oligocheate digestive system?</b>”

A

Complete alimentary canal (tube from mouth to anus) <br></br><br></br>Mouth: ingest food <br></br>Muscular pharynx: food passes through into narrow oesophagus<br></br>Crop: storage organ <br></br>Gizzard: grinds up food with aid of stones <br></br>Intestine: nutrient absorption <br></br>Anus: waste passes out

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138
Q

“<b>What is a crop in Olgiochetae?</b>”

A

Organ that stores nutrients

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139
Q

“<b>What is a gizzard in Oligochatea</b>”

A

organ that grinds up food with non nutritional materials (pebbles)

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140
Q

“<b>What type of circulatory system do Oligochaeta have?</b>”

A

“Closed circulatory system = blood enclosed in blood vessels”

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141
Q

“<b>Blood enclosed in blood vessels is a ____ circulatory system</b>”

A

Closed

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142
Q

“<b>Which annelids pump blood by 5 hearts?</b>”

A

“Oligochaeta (earthworms)”

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143
Q

“<b>How is waste excreted in Oligochatea?</b>”

A

“<ul><li>Metanephridia (excretory tubes in each segement) with funnels remove waste from coelom fluid </li><li>Waste is then transported to next segment via nephridostome</li><li>Waste excreted via nephridiopores</li></ul>”

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144
Q

“<b>How do earthworms repoduce?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Sperm deposited into cocoon, which fertilises the eggs, and is deposted on substrate

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145
Q

“<b>Polychatea have ___ circulatory systems, while Clitella have a ___ circulatory system</b>”

A

open, closed

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146
Q

“<b>What are 2 ways leeches eat?</b>”

A

“Engulf prey whole or stab withprobiscis”

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147
Q

“<b>Do arthropods have a coleom?</b>”

A

Yes

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148
Q

“<b>A zygote undergoes ____ via gastrolation to make embryotic germ layers</b>”

A

Mitosis

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149
Q

Which 3 Phlya are Aceolomates ?

A

“Acoelomates….<br></br><br></br>Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)”

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150
Q

“<b>Aceolomates are always protosomes, true or false?</b>”

A

True

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151
Q

“<b>Nematodes mesoderm develops into a true coleom, true or false?</b>”

A

False - pseudocoloem

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152
Q

“<b>Organs embedded in the mesoderm are called</b>”

A

Aceocolomates

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153
Q

“<b>All aceolomates are unsegmented, true or false?</b>”

A

True?

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154
Q

“<b>Segmentation only occurs in Coleomates, true or false?</b>”

A

True

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155
Q

“<b>Internal organs embedded in fluid inside a body cavity is calld</b>”

A

Coelomates

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156
Q

“<b>Are aceolomates organs embedded in fluid?</b>”

A

No

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157
Q

“<b>Mollusca have ___ circulatory system, with the exception of Cephalods that have ___ circulatory system</b>”

A

open, closed

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158
Q

“<b>what circulatory systems do earthworms and cephalopods share?</b>”

A

“A closed circulatory system<span><br></br></span>”

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159
Q

“<b>What digestive and excretion system do annelids and molluscs share?</b>”

A

“<span>An excretory system consisting of </span>nephridia<span></span><br></br><span>A </span>complete<span> digestive system</span>”

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160
Q

“<b>Some sponges can be described asgonochorism because</b>”

A

they have distinct sexes when gametes are differentiated by choanocytes/ameobocytes

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161
Q

“<b>What is the excretory organ in an Annelid called?</b>”

A

“<span>Nephridium</span>”

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162
Q

“<b>How do flatworms excrete waste & respire?</b>”

A

“Respire across body surface, because they are so thin<br></br>have no organs for gas exchanges”

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163
Q

“<b>What type of organs do platyhelminths have for respiration?</b>”

A

None

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164
Q

“<b>What are 3 ways platyhelminths are different to real worms?</b>”

A

no segmentation, flat, no true body cavity

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165
Q

“<b>How are platyhelminths different to nematodes?</b>”

A

“b/cuz they are hermaphrodites, not clynidrical, & not psuedocolomates”

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166
Q

“<b>Which Phlya was the first to show bilateral symmetry?</b>”

A

Platyhelminths

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167
Q

“<b>How do flame cells works?</b>”

A

“Ciliated (tiny hairs) flame cells excrete toxic ammonia build up. Waste collect in the flame cells (aka protonephridia - ““pre kindey like””). Then travels through tubes & disposed through nephridiopores”

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168
Q

“<b>How many branches intenstine do Platyhelminths have?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

3 branches

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169
Q

“<b>What is disposed of through the nephridiopores?</b>”

A

Ammonia waste

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170
Q

“<b>Beating of the cillia causes fluid to filter through slits of the flame cell. True or false?</b>”

A

True

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171
Q

“<b>Do horsecrabs have book gills?</b>”

A

Yes

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172
Q

“<b>What is aHypostome?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

mouthpart in Lxodia

173
Q

“<b>Diversification of manidble structures are a trait of which Phyla?</b>”

A

Hexapoda

174
Q

“<b>What is the exoskeleton in Hexapoda made of?</b>”

A

protiens & chitin

175
Q

“<b>"”Proteinaceous and chitin exoskeleton”” describes which phyla?</b>”

A

Hexapoda<br></br>

176
Q

“<b>How many pairs of antenna do hexapods have?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

one pair

177
Q

“<b>What are ommatidia?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

compound eyes with many lenses

178
Q

“<b>How do ommatidia function?</b>”

A

take in light and brain takes visual information and generates image

179
Q

“<b>What are the 3 component of a hexapod mouth?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

maxillae<br></br>labium<br></br>mandibles

180
Q

“<b>What are maxillae?</b>”

A

“behind manidbles, sharp, hold and manipulate food so it can be sliced by mandibles. <b>Taste & manipulate food</b>”

181
Q

“<b>What do manibles do?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

jaws; bite off food and pass pieces to mouth

182
Q

“<b>Which part of the insects mouth tastes food?</b>”

A

Maxillae

183
Q

“<b>Locusts and Mantids have what mouthparts</b>”

A

Chewing mouthparts

184
Q

“<b>How do mantis mouthparts work?</b>”

A

manidbles tear off food, and maxillae manipulate food. 5 segement palps

185
Q

“<b>Chewing mouthparts have a 5 segmented palp for sensory and taste, true or false?</b>”

A

true

186
Q

“<b>mosquito and aphid have what mouth parts?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

piercing and sucking (mandible and maxillae are needle like)

187
Q

“<b>How do mosquitos use a stylet?</b>”

A

Pierce host and suck up fluid like a straw

188
Q

“<b>A prosoma in crustaceans is also called a?</b>”

A

cethalothorax

189
Q

“<div><div><b>Which of the following are the living classes within the phylum Arthropoda?</b></div></div><br></br><div><div><div><div><div>Polychaeta</div></div></div><div><div><div>Brachiopoda</div></div></div><div><div><div>Chelicerata</div></div></div><div><div><div>Crustacea</div></div></div><div><div><div>Myriapoda</div></div></div><div><div><div>Hexapoda</div></div></div></div></div>”

A

<div><div><div><div>Chelicerata</div></div></div></div>

<div><div><div><div>Crustacea</div></div></div></div>

<div><div><div><div>Myriapoda</div></div></div></div>

<div><div><div><div>Hexapoda</div></div></div></div>

190
Q

“<div><div><b>What is the advantage of having jointed appendages?</b></div></div><br></br><div><div><div><div><div>They do not require muscles to move them.</div></div></div><div><div><div>They can bend.</div></div></div><div><div><div>They provide extra layers of protection.</div></div></div></div></div>”

A

they can bend

191
Q

“<b>In terrestrial arthropods, the respiratory system consists of tubes called ___that have exterior openings called____</b>”

A

trachea, spiricules

192
Q

“<b>Insects and Myriapoda use their Malpighian tubules for</b>”

A

excretion

193
Q

“<b>What are 4 types of insect feeding types?</b>”

A

crushing mandibles<br></br>tubular sucking mouthparts<br></br>sponging mouthparts<br></br>Siphoning mouthparts

194
Q

“<b>Name 3 modifications of front legs and 2 modifications of hind legs in insects and who uses them?</b>”

A

Front legs of preying mantids and dragonflies: prey capture<br></br>Front legs of mole crickets: digging <br></br>Front legs of corixids: swimming<br></br>Hind legs of grasshoppers: jumping <br></br>Hind legs of bees: carrying pollen

195
Q

“<b>The front legs of mole crickets are used for</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

digging

196
Q

“<b>The trachea of insects has rings because?</b>”

A

“it’s supported by chitin”

197
Q

“<b>The hydrostatic skeleton facilitates…?</b>”

A

movement

198
Q

“<b>Do insects have lungs?</b>”

A

No

199
Q

“<b>What does hameolymph do?</b>”

A

“doesn’t transfer oxygen, transfers nutrients instead”

200
Q

“<b>How does respirtation work in insects?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Air entres spiracles, travels through trachae, and into smaller tracheoles

201
Q

“I<b>s the tracheal system the same as the circulatory system in Hexapoda?</b>”

A

no

202
Q

“<b>What is the role of Ostia in Hexapoda?</b>”

A

perforations allow for hemolymph from body to enter heart

203
Q

“<b>Which Phlya is Wuchereria bancrofti</b><b><br></br></b>”

A

“nematode<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

204
Q

“<b>Do sponging mouthparts have a mandible?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

No

205
Q

“<b>Do all insects have a mandible?</b>”

A

“No, flies with sponging mouth parts don’t and lepitodtera with siphoning probiscus don’t”

206
Q

“<b>Sponging mouthparts in flies are made up of?</b>”

A

Labrum with labial lobes: sponge to mop up liquids

207
Q

“<b>How do siphoning mouthparts work?</b>”

A

Mandibles usually absent<br></br>Maxillae: long coiled sucking proboscis<br></br>Pharyngeal muscles pump fluid into mouth

208
Q

“<b>What is biramous?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

like crustaceans, branches into two

209
Q

“<b>What areNauplius?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

unsegmented larvae w/ 3 appendanges

210
Q

“<b>How many antennae do Crustaceans have?</b>”

A

2 pairs

211
Q

“<b>What are Tympaneum?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

eardrum membrane covering an air sac, nerves send signals to the brain<br></br><br></br>in orthorpetera, they are on the legs

212
Q

“<b>Why are large spiracles on the thorax?</b>”

A

so more oxygen can be energized for movement

213
Q

“<b>Coleoptera go throughHemimetabolous or Holometabolousmetamorphis?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

holometabolus

214
Q

“<b>Difference between Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

Hemimetabolous: incomplete <br></br>Holometabolous: complete

215
Q

“<b>Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

complete

216
Q

“<b>Hem<u>i</u>metabolous metamorphis?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<u>I</u>ncomplete, same food”

217
Q

“<b>Odonata go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

hemimetabolous. Niads to Imago

218
Q

“<b>Orthorptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

hemimetabolous

219
Q

“<b>Hemiptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

Hemimetabolous

220
Q

“<b>Dipterago through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?</b>”

A

homometabolous

221
Q

“<b>Hymenoptera go through Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous metamorphis?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

holometabolous

222
Q

“<b>Pharyngeal muscles pump fluid into which mouthpart?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br><br></br></b>”

A

Siphoning

223
Q

“<b>Which mouthpart develops into a porbiscus in Lepidoptera?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

Maxillae

224
Q

“<b>What is the function of the Elytra?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

protect hind wings & stridulation in beetles

225
Q

“<b>What areHalters in flies?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

modified hind wings for balance

226
Q

“<b>What is the defining trait of a Hemiptera?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Rostrum (piericing and sucking)

227
Q

“<b>What is the defining trait of Coleoptera?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Eyltra

228
Q

“<b>What is the largest insect family?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

weevils

229
Q

“<b>What are Naiads?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

nymph dragonflies

230
Q

“<b>What are Imagos?</b>”

A

adult dragonflies

231
Q

“<b>What differentiates the two suborders of Diptera?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

“Nematocera (mozzies): multisegmented antennae<br></br>Brachycera (flies): hairy antennae”

232
Q

“<b>Which insect order has large hing legs andAposematism?</b>”

A

Orthoptera

233
Q

“<b>Aposematism?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

warning colouration

234
Q

“<b>Which insect order has a flexible diet?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Orthoptera<br></br>

235
Q

“<b>Which order has sucking/chewing mouthparts, motile head, and 2 wing sets?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

Hymenoptera

236
Q

“<b>Do Hymenoptera have an ovipositor?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Yes - used as a stinger

237
Q

“<b>Taste receptors use ____ in various location (but usually in the mouth)</b>”

A

hairs/bristles

238
Q

“<b>Wasps have their taste receptors on thier?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Antenna

239
Q

“<b>Butterflies have taste receptors on their?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

feet

240
Q

“<b>Diptera have taste receptors on their?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

wings

241
Q

“<b>Hymenoptera vs Hemioptera?</b>”

A

“Hymmenoptera - bees and ants (<span>♀)</span><br></br>Hemiptera - true bugs (half)”

242
Q

“<b>Hemiptera<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

true bugs

243
Q

“<b>hymenoptera</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

ants wasps

244
Q

“<b>Spiracles are like stomata except…</b>”

A

“they can’t close”

245
Q

“<b>Insects have a ____ circulatory system</b>”

A

open

246
Q

“<b>Insects have a ventral nerve cord and 3 ganglia. True or false?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

True

247
Q

“<b>What are the 3 types of insect ganglia?</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

“Suboesophageal: motor control and movement of mouthparts<br></br>Thoracic: locomotion and stridulation<br></br>Abdominal: respiration, circulation and reproduction”

248
Q

“<b>Suboesophageal relates to?</b>”

A

“head region of ganglia, used for movement<br></br><br></br><img></img>”

249
Q

“<b>Malpighian tubules in hexapoda and myriapoda are used for</b>”

A

Excretion

250
Q

“<b>Which Annelid has a open circulatory system and a complete digestive system</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Polychaeta (Bristle Worms)

251
Q

“<b>Which Annelid respires via diffusion or parapodia?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

Polychaeta

252
Q

“<b>Which Annelid has a Prostonium & Peristonium</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

All annelids (except mybe leeches?)

253
Q

“<b>Which Annelid has no suckers but might have jaws and venom</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Polychatea

254
Q

“<b>Pharynx, tentacles, and palps for feeding is a trait of all of which Annelida class?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

Polychatea

255
Q

“<b>Phaynx Tentacles and Suckers are used by Polychatea for feeding, true or false?</b>”

A

False - no suckers

256
Q

“<b>Polychatea have a closed circulatory system and a complete digestive system. True or False</b>”

A

False - open circulatory system

257
Q

“<b>Which groups have a complete digestive system?</b>”

A

Polychatea (bristle worms)

258
Q

“<b>Which groups have a open circulatory system?</b>”

A

<br></br>Polychatea<br></br>

259
Q

“<b>Why aren’t Platyhelminths worms?</b>”

A

“they don’t have metamatric segmentation and are flattened, no true body cavity, have protonephridia instead of nephridia & their cephalisation is not as defined”

260
Q

“<b>Bra<u><i>n</i></u>chiopods vsBrachiopods<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Bra<u><i>n</i></u><b>chiopods </b>- crustaceans (fins)<br></br><br></br><b>Brachiopods </b>- shells like bivalves but not left and right arrangement<br></br><br></br>N<b> - </b>crustaceans”

261
Q

“<b>How are crustaceans different to chelicerates?</b>”

A

Presence of antenae

262
Q

“<b>Do barnacles (Cirripedia) spawn?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

No - use BDE

263
Q

“<b>Do Crustaceans have a coleom?</b>”

A

Yes

264
Q

“<b>Are antennae in crustceans the smaller 1st pair or the second longer pair?</b>”

A

2nd pair

265
Q

“<b>The Green Gland pore in prawns and crabs (Decapods - Malocrustacea) is found?</b>”

A

On the base of the 2nd antennae

266
Q

“<b>Biramous appendeges in Crustaceans have which two segments?</b>”

A

Exo & Endopods

267
Q

“<b>Decreasing appendages & increasing specialisation is found in which Phyla?</b>”

A

Crustacea

268
Q

“<b>Are crustaceans protosomes?</b>”

A

Yes

269
Q

“<b>Repoduction is mostly sexual, rarely asexual, and occasionally parthenogenic - describes the traits of which Phyla?</b>”

A

Crustacea

270
Q

“<b>Nephridia excretes NH3 ammonia over gills in which phyla?</b>”

A

Crustacea

271
Q

“<b>What are Scaphongnaithite?</b>”

A

leafy gill bailers on the 2nd maxillae, organ pumps water over gills to promote gas exchange

272
Q

“<b>What do Scaphongnaithites do?</b>”

A

organ pumps water over gills to promote gas exchange

273
Q

“<b>How do small crustaceand respire vs large crustaceans?</b>”

A

Small ones respire across body surface, large ones respsire via feathery gills protected by a carapace

274
Q

“<b>Large crustaceas use feathery gills that increase surface area which helps with?</b>”

A

respiration

275
Q

“<b>Which phyla uses brood sacs or brood chambers on thier abdominal appendages?</b>”

A

crustacea

276
Q

“<b>How do green glands function?</b>”

A

“osmoregulates body cavity fluid, filters & excretes out pore on 2nd antenna<br></br><br></br>also used for sex signaling by males”

277
Q

“<b>Branchiopoda are a phyla similar to bivalves. True or false?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

False - small primitive shrimp

278
Q

“<b>Are nauplis segmented?</b>”

A

No - unsegmented

279
Q

“<b>How many appendages to Naupluis have?</b>”

A

3 - antennae, anntenules, manidbles

280
Q

“<b>Crustaceans and ____ have setae on appendages for locomotion and respiration?</b>”

A

Polychatae

281
Q

“<b>Difference between Isopod and Amphiopod?</b>”

A

“Isopods are DV flattened, Amphiopods are laterally flattened”

282
Q

“<b>Amphiopods are DV flattened. True or False?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

false, isopods are

283
Q

“<b>Isopods are laterally flattened. True or False?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

False - DV flattened

284
Q

“<b>What do Isopods and Amphioda have in common?</b>”

A

“can be parastitic<br></br>flattened but differently<br></br>sessile eyes not attached to stalk<br></br>no carapace<br></br><img></img>”

285
Q

“<b>Isopods and Amphioda both have sessile eyes attached to a stalk. True or False?</b>”

A

False - not attached to stalk

286
Q

“<b>Isopods and Amphioda have no carapace. True or False?</b>”

A

True

287
Q

“Isopods (Malacostraca order),Copepoda (Maxillopoda sub class),Anostraca (Branchiopoda order), and Amphioda (Malacostraca order) <b>share what trait?</b><div> <div> <div> <div> <div><br></br> </div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

no carapace<br></br>

288
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>What are the 4 orders of Malacostraca?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>Isopoda – no carapace, DV flattened with armour plating;</div> </li><li><div>Amphipoda – no carapace, laterally flat</div></li><li><div>Euphausiacea – plankton</div></li><li><div>Decapoda – crabs, lobsters, shrimp</div></li> </ol></div> </div> </div></div>”

289
Q

“<b>Whale shark food plankton belongs to which order?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

<div> <div> <div> Euphausiacea<br></br><ol> </ol></div> </div> </div>

290
Q

“<b>Which order do crabs and lobsters belong?</b>”

A

Decapoda

291
Q

“<b>What are the 3 classes of Crustacea?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Branchiopoda<br></br>Maxillopoda<br></br>Malacastraca

292
Q

” <div> <div> <div> <b>The order of parastic isopods that eat fish tounges belong to which class<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b></div> </div> </div>”

A

Malacostraca

293
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><span>Malacostraca is an order of the class Maxillopoda. True or False?</span></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

false - malacostraca are their own crustacean class

294
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>Maxillopoda is an order of Crustaceans. T orF?</b></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

False - they are thier own class

295
Q

“<b>What are the two subclasses of Maxillopoda?</b>”

A

<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Copepoda<br></br><div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Thecostraca<br></br> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div>

296
Q

“<b>What are the main traits of the Branchiopod orders<br></br><br></br>Anostraca (fairy shrimp)<br></br>Notostraca<br></br>Diplostraca (sea lice)</b>”

A

” <div> <div> <div> <div>Anostraca: no carapace<br></br>Notostraca: carapace large dorsal shield<br></br>Diplostraca: carapace encloses body but not head</div> </div> </div> </div>”

297
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>One eye, no carapace or appendages describes which Maxillopoda sub class?</b></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

Copepoda

298
Q

“<b>Copepoda (class maxillopoda) have no eyes or appendages, why?</b>”

A

“Live in subterrean caves/vents<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

299
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><span>Branchiopoda is the class of what animals?</span></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

fairy shrimp, brine shrimp,

300
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><span>Maxillopoda is the class of what animals?</span></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

Barnacles, shark parastic and symbiotic larvae

301
Q

“<b>What is a cyprid?</b>”

A

A second stage of nauplius that uses adult phermones to find a suitable place to settle

302
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><span>Cirripedia have a tergum and ___</span><span><br></br></span></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

“scutum (small valve)<br></br><span><br></br></span><img></img>”

303
Q

“<b>What is aCirripedia tergum?</b>”

A

“dorsal plate<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

304
Q

“<b>What is aCirripedia scutum?</b>”

A

small valve

305
Q

“<b>Barancales have a reduced head, ability to close tergum plate and scutum vale, and are surrounded by hard plates. True or false?</b>”

A

True

306
Q

“<b>What are the first 5 pleopods called?</b>”

A

“Swimmerts<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

307
Q

“<b>The tail of a crustacean is composed of?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

Telson and uropods

308
Q

“<b>Which class uses green gland for excretion?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><span>Malacostraca</span></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

309
Q

“<b>Thoracopods are found on what body region?</b>”

A

Cephalothorax

310
Q

“<b>Pereiopods can be used for respiration because?</b>”

A

they have gills

311
Q

“<b>The abdomen of most crustacea contains 6 somites called?</b>”

A

pleomeres

312
Q

“<b>What are the 3 feeding types of Nematodes</b>”

A

saphorytes, predators, parasites

313
Q

“<b>Do nematodes fertilize internally or externally?</b>”

A

Internally

314
Q

“<b>Are nematodes hermaphrodites or dioecious?</b>”

A

dioeceious & diamoprhic. female larger and has 3 opening, male has 2 openings and curved tail<br></br>

315
Q

“<b>How do nematodes move?</b>”

A

via thrashing motion w/ longitudinal muscles

316
Q

“<b>How do nematode muscles facilitate movement?</b>”

A

“muscles attach to cuticle<br></br>alternating of d & v creates sinsusoidal waves”

317
Q

“<b>Do nematodes have a complex digestive tract?</b>”

A

yes! mouth - phaynx - anus

318
Q

“<b>What do predatory nematodes eat?</b>”

A

plants - prenetrate cell w/ stylet & allows fungi to enter roots<br></br><br></br>other nematodes - smaller one attaches to biger one and scrapes at cutcile until can eat insides

319
Q

“<b>What do nematodes use a stylet for?</b>”

A

to penetrate cell walls<br></br>

320
Q

“<b>How do nematodes repoduce?</b>”

A

males uses curved tail to hold female and insert sperm into genital pore

321
Q

“<b>WHy aren’t nematodes real worms?</b>”

A

no segmentation, and have a collagen cuticle that moults

322
Q

“<b>What is Ascaris lumbrioides? which phlya?</b>”

A

“food contamination,<b>Nematode<br></br></b><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

323
Q

“<b>What is Diflofiluburia immitis?</b>”

A

dog heart worm

324
Q

“<b>How do nematodes respire?</b>”

A

across surface

325
Q

“<b>Do nematodes have a respitory or circulatory system?</b>”

A

no

326
Q

“<b>Why are nematodes important in soils?</b>”

A

the break down soils and promte drainage<br></br>

327
Q

“<b>What type of body cavity do nematodes have?</b>”

A

pseduocolomate

328
Q

“<b>Do roundworms have a cuticle?</b>”

A

Yes! made of collagen<br></br>

329
Q

“<b>What are sinusoidal waves?</b>”

A

thrashing movement

330
Q

“<b>How do cercomeromorpha attach to host?</b>”

A

“use scolex, suckers, hooks<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

331
Q

“<b>how do cestoda digest nutrients?</b>”

A

across surface

332
Q

“<b>what are proglottids?</b>”

A

small repoductive units segments. will break off, and release through host species

333
Q

“<b>How do cerocomeromorpha prevent from being digested in intestines?</b>”

A

by having a cuticle

334
Q

“<b>How do turbellaria (Dugesia sp.) eat?</b>”

A

may spew digestive enzymes, mouth & pharnyx

335
Q

“<b>What is the life cycle of a Schistosoma sp?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

blood fluke<br></br>1. eggs passed through human feces 2. ingsted by molluscs 3. free swiming larvae breaks through human skin/blood vessels 4. reproduce in our bladders

336
Q

“<b>Where is the ganglia located in Turbellaria?</b>”

A

in their head & connects to nerve cords

337
Q

“<b>What are cestoda?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

a subclass of cercomeromorpha (tapeworms)

338
Q

“<b>do planarians reproduce sexually or asexually?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

both

339
Q

“<b>How do planarians repoduce aseuxally?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

by splitting latidunally or splitting in half, fission

340
Q

“<b>what surface are nephirpores on?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

ventral

341
Q

“<b>flame cells have cilia that beat to filter fluid through slits. True or False?</b>”

A

true

342
Q

“<b>Platyhelminths were the first to have what 3 major evolutionary advantages?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

3 germ layers, cephalisation, bilateral symmetry

343
Q

“<b>why are platyhelminths different to nematodes?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

nematodes have a cuticle that moults<br></br>platyhelminths are aceolomates vs psuedocolomates<br></br>platyhelminths are hermpahrodites<br></br>

344
Q

“<b>Why arent platyhelminths worms?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

they dont have metametric segmentation<br></br>& are DV flattened, no true body cavity, have protonephridia instead of metanephridia, cephalisation not as defined

345
Q

“<b>Are myriapoda coleomates?</b>”

A

Yes. Reduced coleom = haemocel like insects

346
Q

“<b>A reduced coelom in myridapods is called a ?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

haemocel

347
Q

“<b>Myriapods have biamarous appendages. True or false?</b>”

A

False - uriamorous

348
Q

“<b>What does Anamorphosis mean</b><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

A

addition of new segments with each moult

349
Q

” <div> <div> <div><b> Euanamorphosis?</b><br></br><ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div>”

A

continuing to add segments after maturity

350
Q

“<b>Hemianamorphis?</b>”

A

“no segments after maturity, but still moults<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

351
Q

“<b>Teloanamorphis?</b>”

A

“no segments or moults after maturity<br></br><b><br></br></b><br></br><img></img>”

352
Q

“<b>Epimorphis?</b><br></br>”

A

“same # of segments w/ each moult. parental care<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

353
Q

“<b>Chilopoda have ___ segments per leg, while Diplopedia have ___ segments per leg<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

1, 2

354
Q

“<b>All myriapoda have 1pps except?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

diplopedia

355
Q

“<b>what are the 4 myriapoda classes?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

chilopedia - centipedes<br></br>diplopedia - millipeds<br></br>pauropoda- miscropic things with pseucodoli<br></br>symphyla - pesudopeds

356
Q

“<b>What are the 3 developmental trait of Chilopoda ?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

epimorphis (same number of segments) epi = over ? same number of segments over time?<br></br>telo and hemi anamorphic (no segments after maturity)<br></br><br></br>telo - end, final (no segments or moults - male atrax)<br></br>Hemi - half. (no segments but still moults - female atrax)<br></br>

357
Q

“<b>Are chilopoda euanamporhis<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

no

358
Q

“<b>Are diplopedia anamorphis<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

yes

359
Q

“<b>Myriapoda have segmented ganglia, true or false?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

true

360
Q

“<b>Myriapods have open ciruclatory system with no respitory pigments, this mostly closely remebles which other phylas?</b>”

A

hexapoda

361
Q

“<b>what is direct development?<br></br></b><img></img><img></img>”

A

babies have few segments and legs and will get more as they grow

362
Q

“<b>Myriapods have trachea with paired spiracles. True or false?</b>”

A

true

363
Q

“<b>Uniamarous vs biamarous?</b>”

A

“<span>A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.</span>”

364
Q

“<b><div><span>Describe Hydra sp.</span></div></b><img></img>”

A

“<div><span>freshwater solitary polyp,</span><span>no medusa</span></div><div><span>attached by a pedal disc but can move</span></div><div><span>2 types of nematocysts (envenomates & entagles prey)</span></div><div><span></span></div><br></br>”

365
Q

“<b><div><span>Which Hydrozoa species looks like one organism but is really many individual polyps</span></div></b><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<b><div><span>Physalia physalis colony</span><span> (man of war)</span></div></b>”

366
Q

“<b><div><span>How do leeches and earthworms use their Clitellata?</span></div></b><img></img>”

A

Sperm deposited into “cocoon”, which fertilises the eggs, and is deposited on substrate

367
Q

“<b><div><span>Which was the first class to have true tissues?</span></div></b>”

A

Cnidaria

368
Q

“<span>Describe the subclass Hexcoralla in Anthozoans</span>”

A

“<b><div><span></span><span>Anthozoans (hexa/octo…corllia)</span><span><br></br></span><span>soliatry or social polyps, </span><span>no medusa</span></div><div><span></span><span>Subclass</span><span> </span><span>Hexacorallia</span><span>: </span><span>anemones & hard corals</span></div></b><b><div><span>not calcified but attached by pedal disc</span><span><br></br></span><span> asexual or sexually (spawning/maternal brooders)</span><span><br></br></span><span> some seasonally hermaphrodites</span><span><br></br></span><span>brooders </span><span>- period of basic maternal care, larvae develop in mom 6 tentacles (or multiples of 6) calcified skeleton = coral reefs </span><span>zooanthelle</span></div></b>”

369
Q

“<b><div><span>Class Merostomata (</span><span>Order Xiphosura) is important for pharmaceuticals because?</span></div><div><br></br></div></b>”

A

“<b><div><span>Horseshoe Crabs</span></div><div><span>Blue blood with high copper content important</span><span>for vaccines abd many pharmaceutical purposes due to presence of</span><span>amebocytes that detect endotoxins</span></div></b>”

370
Q

“<b>What aretrochophore larvae?</b><br></br><br></br><img></img>”

A

free swimming larvae with cilla

371
Q

“<b>How do metanephridia function?</b>”

A

Collects the liquid from the celomatic cavity and excretes out an opening in the body cavity

372
Q

“<b>Which Chelicerate has no book lungs/gills and has a long probiscus for feeding?</b><img></img>”

A

“<b>Class Pycnogonida (</b><span>Order Pantopoda)</span>”

373
Q

“<b><div><span>Venoms of chelicerates are important for</span><span><br></br></span><span>Bioprospecting or Biomonitoring</span></div></b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Bioprospecting

374
Q

“<b><div><span>Which of the following are the living classes within the phylum Arthropoda?</span></div><br></br><div><span>Polychaeta, Brachiopoda, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda</span></div></b>”

A

“<b><div><span>Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda</span></div></b>”

375
Q

“<b><div><span>Which Annelid subclass has a definitive number of 34 segments and 2 suckers on each end?</span></div><div><br></br></div></b>”

A

Hirdudiena (leeches)

376
Q

“<b><div><span>Where are the</span>prostomium &peristomium</div></b>”

A

“<b><div><span>prostomium is in front of the mouth</span></div><div><span>peristomium </span>surrounds <span>the opening of the mouth<br></br><br></br>peri = surrounding<br></br>pros = near, towards</span></div><br></br></b>”

377
Q

” <div> <div> <div><b> Bioperturbation</b><br></br><ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div>”

A

distribution of sediments

378
Q

“<b>What is the respitory system in Mollusca called (other than terresterial lungs)?</b>”

A

Ctenida

379
Q

“<b>what is a Odontophore</b>”

A

muscular base of radula

380
Q

” <div> <div> <div><b> veliger larvae belong to what class?</b><br></br><ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div>”

A

“mollusca<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

381
Q

“<b>Cephalopods have a CLOSED circulatory system and 3 hearts usede for?</b>”

A

<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>2 branchial hearts: move blood through gill capillaries <br></br>1 systemic heart: provides rest of body with blood</div> </div> </div> </div></div>

382
Q

“<b>Which Mollusca class has no radula?</b>”

A

Bivalves

383
Q

“<b>What special adaption to nautuilis have?</b>”

A

<div> <div> <div> ballast bouyancy chambers</div> </div> </div>

384
Q

“<b>What are the 3 parts of a bivalve shell?</b>”

A

Periostratcum<br></br>Ostracum<br></br>Nacreous

385
Q

“<b>Describe the relation of an open circulatory system and hameocel and the differences in arthropoda vs mollusca</b>”

A

Open circulatory system means blood or haemolpmyh not enclosed in vessels, so flows through cavity called hameocel.<br></br><br></br>In hexapoda and myriapoda, heamolmpyh has no pigments and is not oxygenated, it carries nutrients instead<br></br><br></br>in myridapoda, the haemocel acts as a reduced body cavity<br></br><br></br>All molluscs have open except for cephalopods, but their blood is oxygenated carried into haemocel

386
Q

“<b>Which annelid class has a probiscus?</b>”

A

hirudinea

387
Q

“<b>A fluid filled body cavity between the body wall and the gut, that is not devleoped or enclosed by the mesoderm is called?</b>”

A

psuedocoleomate

388
Q

“<b>What 3 organs are used fo respiration in echinoderms?</b>”

A

Gills, papula, tube feet

389
Q

“<b>The first animal group to have a true brain and heart?<br></br></b>”

A

“Echinoderms<br></br><img></img>”

390
Q

“<b>What is the role of madreporite?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

preforation plug allows water in

391
Q

“<b>what is the water vascular system</b>”

A

canals connecting to tube feet used for locomotin, respiration and feeding. Hydraulic system

392
Q

“<b>what is the endoskeleton made out</b>”

A

connective dermis and calcerous ossicles

393
Q

“<b>what is a pedicellaria?</b><b><br></br></b>”

A

“small pincer organ dor defense<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img><img></img>”

394
Q

“<b>are echinoderms segemented?</b>”

A

yes

395
Q

“<b>are echnioderms hermphrodites?</b>”

A

no, dieocious

396
Q

“<b>do echinoderms use internal fertilization<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

yes

397
Q

“<b>what are dermal brachiae (Papulae)</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

skill gills, projections of coleom

398
Q

“<b>what protects the gills on aboral side of echinoderms<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

paxillae

399
Q

“<b>which is the aboral side?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

top side away from mouth

400
Q

“<b>do Crinoidea have a</b><b>pedicillaria, spines or madreporite</b>”

A

“<br></br><img></img><br></br>no pedicillaria, spines or madreporite”

401
Q

“<b>Asteroidea (sea stars) vs Ophiuroidia (brittle stars)<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Asteroidea use tube feetfor movement while ophiuroidia use arms to move<br></br>sea stars have a complete digestion systen, brittle stars don’t have an anus and it only happens in central disc<br></br><br></br>Ophiuroidia:long spindly arms<br></br><br></br>”

402
Q

“<b>what are ossicles<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

tiny bone bumps for protection and structure

403
Q

“<b>what are the two stomachs of asteroidea?</b>”

A

cardiac - spews mouth on prey<br></br>plyoric - connects to digestion glands and intestines

404
Q

“<b>how do Holothuriodea eat<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

sea cucumbers<br></br>tube feet - mucous oral tentaclels catch food, processed through long intesetines

405
Q

“<b>how do</b><b>Crinoidea</b><b></b><b>move?</b>”

A

move with cirri and swim with arms

406
Q

“<b>which echinoderm may have a holdfast?</b>”

A

crinoidea

407
Q

“<b>which echinoderm has a complete digestion system</b>”

A

asteroidea

408
Q

“<b>Which echinoderm catches food in muscous, then tube feet move it down the ambularcral grooves, then moved down pinnacles, into mouth</b>”

A

“crinoidea<br></br><img></img>”

409
Q

“<b>what are tube feet<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

assist with digestion, locomotion and respiration<br></br>suction cup things

410
Q

“<b>what is a bursa</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

” <div> <div> <div> <div style="">cilia-lined sacs for gas exchange and sometimes</div>brooding in Ophiuoida<ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div>”

411
Q

“<b>which echinoderm has closed ambulacral grooves?<br></br></b><div> <div> <div> <div> <div><img></img><br></br></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

Ophiuroidia

412
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>Holothuroidea have a stone canal, also called a</b><br></br></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

“polian vesicle (tube leading to madreporite)<br></br><br></br><img></img>”

413
Q

“<b>Holothurioidea have mucous covered tentacles, T or F?</b>”

A

true

414
Q

“<b>Holothurioidea have webbed papillape for swimming,T or F?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

true

415
Q

“<b>which echinoderm class moves by trashing in a u motion?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“<b>Holothurioidea</b>”

416
Q

“<b>which enchidoderm class breathes through anus and has a cloaca?<br></br></b><img></img>”

A

“Holothurioidea”

417
Q

“<b>which echinoderm class is capable of mass spawning</b>”

A

“Holothurioidea”

418
Q

“<b>what are cuverian tubes?</b><b><br></br></b>”

A

“sticky webbing entagles pedators<br></br><b><br></br></b><img></img>”

419
Q

“<b>which echinoderm has spines attached to a ball and socket joint?<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

echinooidea

420
Q

” <div> <div> <div><b> Ossicles fused to form a strong, rigid test in which class of echinoderms<br></br></b><img></img><br></br><ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div>”

A

echnoidea

421
Q

“<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>which echinoderm moves by pulling along the substrate<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b></div> </div> </div> </div></div>”

A

crinodidea

422
Q

“<b>what is classClass Pycnogonida</b>”

A

sea spiders

423
Q

“<b>what isOrder Pantopoda</b>”

A

sea spiders

424
Q

“<b>Asteroidea use ___ for movement while ophiuroidia use ___ to move</b>”

A

tube feet, arms

425
Q

platyhelminths

A

“<b>cerocomeromorpha belongs to which phlya</b>”

426
Q

“<b>small crustaceans respire via ____ while large crustaceans use ____</b>”

A

across exoskeleton, feather gills

427
Q

“<b>what scaphongnaite?</b>”

A

gill bailer, thin leaf appendage of maxilla. pumping organ

428
Q

“<b>what axis do hox genes develop</b>”

A

“Anteiror(front/ventral) -Posterior(back/dorsal) axis”

429
Q

“<span><b>which cell in porifera is responsible for the secretion of spongin and spicules</b></span>”

A

ambeobcytes

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