Vertebrae 2

Question 1

Joint btwn the skull and atlas

State its directional movement

Answer 1

Atlantooccipital joint; yes!

Question 2

Joint btwn the atlas and axis

State its directional movement

Answer 2

Atlantoaxial joint; no!

Question 3

Atlast connects to the skull at …… ……

Answer 3

occipital condyles

Question 4

What type of joint is atlantooccipital joint?

Answer 4

Ginglymus (hinge) joint

Question 5

State the two attachment that helps to secure atlantooccipital joint

Answer 5

Lateral ligaments and atlantooccipital membrane

Question 6

What type of joint is atlantoaxial joint?

Answer 6

Pivot joint

Question 7

Axis’s ….. sits on the ventral arch of atlas

Answer 7

Dens (odontoid peg)

Question 8

State the four attachment that helps to secure atlantoaxial joint

Answer 8

Alar ligaments, transverse ligament of the atlas, apical ligament and dorsal atlantoaxial ligament

Question 9

Joint btwn auricular surface to iliac wing

Answer 9

Sacroiliac joint

Question 10

State the function of sacroiliac joint

Answer 10

Transfer weight from trunk to pelvis

Question 11

State the two structures that make up pelvic bridge

Answer 11

Pubis and Ischium

Question 12

Long ligament that runs along dorsal surfaces of vertebral bodies
State which part of vertebral column

Answer 12

Dorsal longitudinal ligament; Axis to sacrum

Question 13

Long ligament that runs along ventral surfaces of vertebral bodies
State which part of vertebral column

Answer 13

Ventral longitudinal ligament; mid-thorax to sacrum

Question 14

Ligament that joins summits of spinous processes

State which part of vertebral column

Answer 14

supraspinous ligament; thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Question 15

Supraspinous ligament continues cranially as …….

Answer 15

nuchal ligament

Question 16

State the two structures of horse’s nuchal ligaments

Why such developed structures exist?

Answer 16

laminar and funicular parts; support the weight of head

Question 17

Ligaments btwn sucessive vertebral arches

Answer 17

Interarcuate ligament

Question 18

Ligaments btwn sucessive spinous processes

Answer 18

Interspinous ligaments

Question 19

Ligaments btwn the heads of ribs

Answer 19

Intercapital ligaments

Question 20

Ligaments btwn transverse processes

Answer 20

Intertransverse ligaments

Question 21

State the position of intercapital ligaments in regards to vertebral disc and longitudinal discs

Answer 21

Above intervertebral discs and under the dorsal longitudinal ligament

Question 22

Group of muscles that lie above transverse processes

State its movement on the spine

Answer 22

Epaxial muscles; extend the spine

Question 23

Group of muscles that lie under transverse processes

State its movement on the spine

Answer 23

Hypaxial muscles; flex the spine

Question 24

Name the three groups of epaxial muscles

Answer 24

Transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis groups

Question 25

Joints btwn the ribs and cranial part of respective vertebral bodies

Answer 25

Costovertebral articulations

Question 26

State how costovertebral articulations are formed

Answer 26

The head of rib connects the cranial costal facet of its respective vertebra but also the caudal costal facet of the previous vertebra.

Question 27

Joints btwn the ribs and transverse processes

Answer 27

Costotransverse articulations

Question 28

State how costotransverse articulations are formed

Answer 28

The tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse processes

Question 29

States the five structures of ribs

Answer 29

head, tubercle, neck, angle, and body

Question 30

Connection btwn. ribs and costal cartilage

Answer 30

Costochondral junction

Question 31

Give an example of muscle that attaches to the angle of ribs

Answer 31

Iliocostalis muscle

Question 32

Give an example of muscle that attaches to the shaft of ribs

Answer 32

Intercostal muscle

Question 33

State how the shape of rib's shaft may be different btwn. carnivores and ruminants

Answer 33

Carnivores - more cylindrical | Ruminants - more flattened

Question 34

Vascular bundle lies on which side of rib

Answer 34

Caudal surface

Question 35

What are "true" ribs?

Answer 35

Ribs articulate directly with the sternum at intersternebral cartilage

Question 36

What are "false" ribs?

Answer 36

Ribs joins the cartilage of the next most cranial rib

Question 37

What is a "floating" rib?

Answer 37

Rib is unconnected to the sternum

Question 38

An arrangement formed by "false" ribs

Answer 38

Costal arch

Question 39

State the function of intercapital ligaments

Answer 39

They help to prevent disc prolapse/ extruded material

Question 40

States the three main structures of ribs

Answer 40

Manubrium (cranial), body (sternebrae and intersternebral cartilages), and xiphoid

Question 41

How can xiphoid help to support the cranial abdominal floor?

Answer 41

It forms an attachment with linea alba

Question 42

State the interspecies variation of sternum (dogs & cats, herbivores, horse, and ruminants)

Answer 42

Dogs and cats - rodlike manubrium; cylindrical sterebrae Herbivores - latterally compressed manubrium Horse - extensive cartilage Ruminants - wide and flat sternum