Introduction to Limbs

Question 1

Three types of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 2

Describe the two features of fibrous joints

Answer 2

Made with dense CT (collagen) and allows little to no movement

Question 3

Give three examples of fibrous joints

Answer 3

Suture (skull), syndesmoses (radius and ulna), and gomphosis (teeth)

Question 4

Describe the two functions of sutures

Answer 4

Hold skull pieces together and allow the skull to enlarge for growing animals

Question 5

Describe the two features of cartilaginous joints

Answer 5

Made with cartilage (fibrocartilage, hyaline, or both) and permits little movement (stretching and compression)

Question 6

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 6

Synchondroses and symphysis

Question 7

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

Temporary and permanent

Question 8

Describe the two features of symphysis

Answer 8

Cartilage over the bone with fibrocartilage/fibrous tissue in middle

Question 9

Give three examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 9

Intervertebral disc, mandibular symphysis, and pubic symphysis

Question 10

Describe the four common features of synovial joints

Answer 10

Synovial fluid, joint cavity, articular cartilage, and joint capsule (outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane)

Question 11

Describe the four features of articular cartilage from synovial joints

Answer 11

Cover the articular surface, translucent and glassy appearance, made with hyaline cartilage, and insensitive & avascular

Question 12

Articular cartilage receive nutrients and oxygen through ……. ……… and …….

Answer 12

synovial fluid via diffusion, vessels in peripheral tissues, and vessels in the bone marrow located underneath it

Question 13

Describe three functions of articular cartilage

Answer 13

Lubricate articular surface, shock absorption, and load bearing

Question 14

Describe the four features of synovial membrane

Answer 14

Lines the joint capsule, glistening pink connective tissue sheet, vascular & sensitive, and its inner surface have vili

Question 15

Describe the three locations of synovial membrane

Answer 15

1) unsupported (standing alone)
2) rest directly on the tough outer fibrous capsule
3) separated from the fibrous capsule by pads of fat

Question 16

Function of synovial membrane

Answer 16

Provide lubricant (aminoglycans) which made up synovial fluid

Question 17

Describe the structure of outer fibrous layer of joint capsule

Answer 17

made with white fibrous tissue and attaches around the margins of articular surface

Question 18

Describe the difference btwn. the ligaments on the mobile and immobile sides of synovial joint (See outer fibrous layer section)

Answer 18

The sides with flexor and extensor muscles tend to have more thin ligament as opposed to sides without (due to a lot of movement in a single plane) e.g. the latter is known as collateral ligaments found in stifle joint

Question 19

Two names of the ligaments located inside and outside of joint capsule

Answer 19

Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

Question 20

Name the two types of nerve receptors that outer fibrous capsule has

Answer 20

Proprioceptive nerve ending and pain receptors

Question 21

Describe the color spectrum and matter state of synovial fluid

Answer 21

viscous, pale straw yellow to medium brown fluid

Question 22

Describe the three functions of synovial fluids

Answer 22

lubricate joints, provide nutrients to and get rid of the wastes from articular cartilage and intra-articular structures

Question 23

Outside of the joint capsule area, the outer fibrous layer continues to the longitudinal surface of the bone as ………..

Answer 23

periosteum

Question 24

Describe the feature of articular disc

Answer 24

Membrane that connects with synovial membrane and separates joint cavities into upper and lower halves

Question 25

Give an example of where articular disc can found in dogs

Answer 25

Temporomandibular joint

Question 26

Describe the feature of menisci

Answer 26

Membrane that connects with synovial membrane and incompletely separate joint cavities

Question 27

Give an example of where menisci can found in dogs

Answer 27

Stifle joint

Question 28

Describe the four functions of menisci and articular disc

Answer 28

1) Provide congruence to incompatible joint surfaces
2) Resolve complex movements into simpler ones
3) Transfer loads
4) Joint stability (menisci)

Question 29

Rim found near the circumference of concave articular surfaces

Answer 29

Labrum

Question 30

Name the two intracapsular membranes that completely or incompletely separates the joint cavity

Answer 30

Articular disc and menisci

Question 31

Describe the two features of labrum

Answer 31

Located near the circumference of concave articular surface (e.g. pelvic sockets) and is fibrocartilaginous

Question 32

Describe the two functions of labrum

Answer 32

Extends and deepens the articulating surface and increase load bearing area

Question 33

What are ligaments made of?

Answer 33

Collagenous tissue

Question 34

Two functions of ligaments

Answer 34

Stabilize most joints (although some muscles, called ‘active ligaments’, play a greater role in joint stability) and limit mobility (lateral, folding, opening, sliding)

Question 35

Name the two classifications systems of synovial joints

Answer 35

Numerically and geometrically

Question 36

How numerical system classifies synovial joints?

Answer 36

Simple: one pair of articular surfaces
Composite: more than one

Question 37

Name the seven types of synovial joints using geometric system

Answer 37

1. Hinge
2. Condylar
3. Ball and socket
4. Ellipsoidal
5. Saddle
6. Pivot
7. Plane

Question 38

Describe extrinsic muscles

Answer 38

Muscles that originate from the trunk and attach to the limbs

Question 39

Describe intrinsic muscles

Answer 39

Muscles that originate from the limbs alone

Question 40

Describe synsarcosis

Answer 40

Union btwn parts of skeleton through muscle alone (no ligament)