Verbs: Participles

Question 1

(Adj) Attributive

Answer 1

Modifies an expressed noun (agreeing with it in gender, case, and number) and usually has a definite article.

Question 2

(Adj) Substantival

Answer 2

Usually has a definite article but becomes a virtual noun (substantive).

Question 3

(Adv) Temporal

Answer 3

Perfective Aspect: The aorist participle communicates perfect aspect, depicting an action as simply occurring or having occurred.
Imperfective Aspect: The present participle communicates imperfective aspect, portraying an action as ongoing.

Question 4

(Adv) Means

Answer 4

Answers the question “How?” the main verb was accomplished (add “by” or “by means of”).

Question 5

(Adv) Manner

Answer 5

Answers the question “How?” the main verb was performed and is often translated as an adverb.

Question 6

(Adv) Cause

Answer 6

Answers the question “Why?” providing the cause, reason, or grounds by which an action is accomplished (add “because,” “since,” or “for”).

Question 7

(Adv) Condition

Answer 7

The participial phrase functions as the protasis (“if” clause) of a conditional statement (add “if”).

Question 8

(Adv) Concession

Answer 8

The action of the main verb takes place in spite of the circumstances related to the participle (add “although,” “even though,” or “though”).

Question 9

(Adv) Purpose

Answer 9

Indicates the purpose of the main verb’s action (add “in order to,” “so that,” or “that”).

Question 10

(Adv) Result

Answer 10

Indicates the actual result (and not merely the intended result) of the main verb’s action (add “so that,” “with the result that,” or “that”).

Question 11

Attendant Circumstance

Answer 11

Coordinate to the main verb, thus taking on the mood of this verb (whether indicative, imperative, or subjunctive).

Question 12

Genitive Absolute

Answer 12

A special use of the adverbial participle found in the genitive case that provides background information.

Question 13

Imperatival

Answer 13

The participle functions independently as an imperative.

Question 14

Pleonastic

Answer 14

A redundant expression usually employing ἀποκριθεις or λεγων.

Question 15

Complementary

Answer 15

Completes the idea of another (main) verb, usually verbs of completion.

Question 16

Indirect Discourse

Answer 16

A statement of what someone said. The participle will be in the accusative case and will be anarthrous.

Question 17

Periphrastic

Answer 17

A round-about way of saying something utilizing εἰμι + participle, which could have been said in another tense without εἰμι.
Present=present+present
Imperfect=imperfect+present
Future=future+present
Perfect=present+perfect
Pluperfect=imperfect+perfect
Future Perfect=future+perfect