- 아/어/여야 되다 (돼요) - 아/어/여야 하다 (해요)

1. So, because (Used to show reason and evidence) 2. Used to connect two actions (consecutive, order) 3. To indicate means and methods

-아/어/여 + -서 1. 배고파서 밥 먹었어요. 2. 놀이 동산에 가서 롤러코스터를 탔어요. 3. 운동해서 살을 빼요.

Verb/Adj Endings Flashcards by ASG ASG

Present tense

아/어/여요

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Past tense

았/었/였어요

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1) Future tense (basic)

2) stating someone’s supposition

-ㄹ/을 거예요

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Future tense (as a reaction, or to express speakers will/promise)

Verb stem + -(으)ㄹ게요

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To be/is

Noun + 이에요 / 예요

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Desire or wish

1) first or second person
2) third person

a) Verb stem + -고 싶다
(Conjugate based on tense)

b) -고 싶어하다

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Progressive (Present, Past, Future)

Repeated actions

Verb stem + -고 있다

-고 있어요, -고 있었어요, -고 있을 거예요

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Progressive (Subject Honorific)

고 계시다
고 계세요
고 계셨어요

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Can / Cannot

expreas ability to do something OR whether a situation permits something to be done

Verb stem + -ㄹ 수 있다

Verb stem + -ㄹ 수 없다

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Have to, Should

아/어/여야 되다 (돼요)

- 아/어/여야 하다 (해요)

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Imperative

Verb stem + - (으)세요

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Do it for me….

-아/어/여 주세요

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to offer services to someone, “I will do (some action) for you

-아/어 드릴게요

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Don’t do it…

Verb stem + -지 마세요

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Negation (not, don’t, didn’t)

Verb stem + -지 않다

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So, because (Used to show reason and evidence)
Used to connect two actions (consecutive, order)
To indicate means and methods

-아/어/여 + -서

배고파서 밥 먹었어요.
놀이 동산에 가서 롤러코스터를 탔어요.
운동해서 살을 빼요.

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And

Shows happen in sequence

Verb stem + -고

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Relative clause ending
(verb past tense or an adjective directly modifying noun)

(ex good person OR the food that I ate)

Verb stem + -ㄴ/은

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when one is “going to” or “coming from” a place in order to do something

(used with movement verbs, can be used with suggestions/commands)

VS + -(으)러

일자리에 지원하러 왔어요 = I came to apply for that job
친구를 만나러 여기로 왔어요.
저는 영화를 보러 나가고 싶어요.

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Polite Formal Endings

1) present statement
2) question
3) future tense
4) to express suggestion or proposition
5) honorific (respect to subject & listener)

1) ㅂ / 습니다
2) ㅂ / 습니까?
3) -을/ㄹ 겁니다/겁니까?
4) -읍/ㅂ시다 (-읍/ㅂ십시오)
5) -(으)십니다 / -(으)십니까?

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Honorific Subject Suffix

(Respect towards subject of the sentence)

Not sentence final suffix

With nouns

(으) 시 +…
(으)세요 or (으)셨어요 or -(으)실 거예요
(으)십니다 or (으)셨습니다 or -(으)실 겁니다
(이)시 (학생이세요)

drop ㄹ if final Consonant

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Clausal Connective - contrast two facts or conditions

a) to give common background info
b) to contrast two clauses
c) to justify a request or proposal
d) surprise at discovery

Verb/ 있다, 없다 (present) + -는데

Adj/ 이다 (present) + ~(으)ㄴ데

Adj/Verb (past) + ~았/었는데

Noun + ㄴ/인데요 (였/이었는데요)

ㄹ is dropped
ㄷ—ㄹ (adj only)
ㅂ—우

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a) To give background info and lets listener figure out what to do.
b) “Can I do anything for you?” is implied
c) used to deal with disagreement, denial, rejection without explicitly stating intentions

Verb stem + -(으)ㄴ/는데요

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To try/attempt verb
Please try doing (something)
Have tried/experienced something

Verb 아/어 + 보다
Verb 아/어 + 보세요
Verb 아/어 봤어요

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Noun Modifying Form

Verb, 있다/없다 + ~는 Verb past, Adj, 이다/아니다, 고 싶다 + ~(으)ㄴ (인/아닌 or 아신/아니신) Verb Future VS + - ㄹ/을

Would you like to...?/ I would like to... (intention) More informal More Formal/Polite

1) Verb stem + -(으)ㄹ래요 | 2) Verb stem + -(으)시겠어요

1) Shall I/we...? (to make a suggestion, subject is we) | 2) Do you think that...? /Will it be...? (asking someone’s supposition)

-(으)ㄹ까요 ㄷ—ㄹ ㅂ—우 Irregular ㅎ —drop

1) Asking or 2) stating someone's supposition (using nouns)

1) Noun+일까요? | 2) Noun+일 거예요

doing another action after completing one

V + -ㄴ/은 다음에 ㄷ — ㄹ drop ㄹ

"with the intention to, in order to" expressing speakers intention OR something is likely to happen or about to happen

V + -(으)려고 하다

in order to, purpose or intention of an action Negative (not used in future tense)

V + -(으)려고 V + 안 -(으)려고 or V + -지 않려고 ㄷ —ㄹ ㄹ— -려고 저는 그 사람을 살리려고 경찰관을 불렀어요. 학생들을 평가하려고 내일 시험을 볼 거예요. 한국어를 배우려고 노력하고 있어요. 마트에 갔어요? 아니요~ 지금 가려고요

before doing “verb”, before “verb-inform” | tense shown at end of sentence

Verb stem + -기 전에

Whether subject knows how or has ability to do something; speaker's incorrect assumption (used with verbs, cannot express possibility)

V + -(ㄹ/을) 줄 알다 / 모르다 줄 알아요 / 몰라요 이렇게 추울 줄 몰랐어요. 저는 제니가 요리를 잘 하는 줄 알았어요.

“in the middle of doing (action)” 1) speakers interruption of one action to immediately start another 2) indicates the action in the proceeding clause continues while the following action occurs (Subject in both clauses must be the same)

V Stem + -다가 (다)

Change Verb to Noun-Like (ing)

Verb stem + -는 것 ㄹ dropped

Nominalizer (Verb Noun Form)

Verb stem + -기

“to promise to do” to express an appt or promise made with someone (past tense promise made for action/plan in the future)

Verb stem + -기로 했어요

since, because can combine with past tense, command/suggestion

-(으)니까 V stem / adj / N(이)다 /있다/없다 Irregular: 듣—ㄹ, ㄹ-dropped, ㅂ-우 모르다 — 모르니까, 몰랐으니까

“Let’s do..” “Let’s not do...” (not honorific)

- (으)ㅂ시다 (ㄷ-ㄹ, ㄹ-dropped) -지 맙시다

How about we do_____

-는 게 어때요

Thank you for...

아/어 줘서 고맙다

expression of permission “May I do...” “You may do...”

V + -어/아도 되다

expression of prohibition, an action is not allowed

V + -(으)면 안 되다 놀다— 놀면 안 되다

when offering help or service 1) statement, I will give some action to you 2) question, should I give some action to you

1) 아/어 드릴게요 | 2) 아/어 드릴까요?

1) stating or asking listeners intention “will” 2) conjectural, “I guess, it must be” used to express what speaker presumes to infer someone's emotion about something

1) -겠 | 2) -겠다 (VS+ -겠어요, -었/았겠어요, -(으)시겠어요)

expression of asking a favor “would you do/give (some action) for me please?”

(좀) -아/어 주시겠어요?/ 주시겠십니까?

“when, while” | time/occurrence of a particular action or state

-ㄹ/을 때 Irregular: ㄹ —때 ㄷ—ㄹ ㅂ—우

Connective ending: "who/what/where/when/how/whether + Clause" connecting a clause requiring additional information to the following verb.

- ㄴ/는지 | ex. 명동에 어떻게 가요? + 가르쳐 주세요. => 명동에 어떻게 가는지 가르쳐 주세요.

expression of a change of state

-게 되다 저는 요리를 못했지만 지금은 잘하게 되었어요 (됐어요).

...even if...

VS + 아/어도 ex. 날씨가 좋아도 동상을 안 가요.

expresses that one does something "after" going to/coming from a place

가다 / 오다 + -아/어서 저는 학교에 가서 공부할 거예요.

It seems like... | Adjectives

-ᄂ/은 것 같다

It seems like, it looks like... | Present tense

-는 것 같다

It seems like... | past tense

-ᄂ/ 은 것 같다

It seems like (something/someone) will... | Future tense

ㅡㄹ/을 것 같다

반말

1) Remove 요 2) -이다 --> -(이)야 3) -아니다 --> 아니야 4) Future: -ㄹ/을 거야 5) 네 --> 어 / 응 6) 아니요 --> 아니 7) Command: remove 요 6) Negative: -지마 8) Suggest to do: -자 9) Suggest Not to do: -지 말자

Reported speech / indirect quotation 1) verbs

V + -ㄴ/는다고 (했어요, etc) contracted: 대요 drop ㄹ

Reported speech / indirect quotation 2) adjectives, 있다/없다

Adj, 있다/없다 + -다고 하다

Reported speech / indirect quotation 3) nouns

N + -(이)라고 (했어요, etc) | contracted: 래요

Reported speech / indirect quotation 4) past

-었/았/했다고 (했어요, etc)

Reported speech / indirect quotation 5) future

-ㄹ/을 거라고 (했어요, etc)

Reported speech / indirect quotation 6) used to express a well known fact or rumor

-다고 해요

Reported speech / indirect quotation 7) verb, suggestion (to do and not to do)

VS + -자고 하다 VS + -지 말지고 하다

to give reason "because" usually something that now makes sense because of information attached to ending, info that the listener doesn't know yet

VS + -거든요

indicates change or development from a certain condition to another Used with adjectives Present tense used when speaking of widely known facts or generally agreed upon truths

Adj + -아/어지다 - 아/어져요 - 아/어졌어요

"even if..." or "even though...", "although"

V, Adj, 있다/없다 + -아/어도 아무리: can add to first clause for emphasis

Reported speech / indirect quotation 8) quoted speech is command form

VS + -(으)라고 하다 | VS + -지 말라고 하다

action in the past, was done repeatedly (up to recent present) - also gives explicit meaning of having a clear memory/recollection of the action past tense: indicates action has completely finished and is not currently occurring

VS + -던 VS + -았/었던

to not be able to do [verb]

VS + -지 못하다

sentence structure: because … it's because

왜냐하면...때문입니다

for (the sake of/benefit of)

N + -을/를 위해(서)

if (you) intend to

VS + -으려면

expresses one's past experience of doing something | to emphasize experience, not necessarily by choice

VS + -ᄂ/ 은 적이 있다/없다

expresses one's past experience when action done purposefully or of the speaker's free will

VS + -아/어 본 적이 있다/없다

to appear to be, to seem to be

VS + -아/어 보이다

used for expressing something that one knows - used with interrogatives - same meaning as "(someone) knows when/where/who/what/how/wht/how much..."

형용사 (Adj) + -ㄴ/은지 알다 동사 (V) + -는지 알다 명사 (N) + -인지 Past: -았/었는지 알다

Reported speech / indirect quotation 9) quoted speech is a question as in 'someone asked me where/what/how, etc' V, Adj, 있다/없다 Past Future

V +-(느)냐고 하다 Adj +-(으)냐고 하다 N +-(이)냐고 하다 1) 냬다 2) -었/았냐고 하다 3) -ㄹ/을 거냐고 하다

used to express a final condition after a change has occurred to get to; to come to; to turn out (usually with verbs amd in past tense)

-게 되다

decided to (do verb) - speaker's resolution or firm decision to do something in the future - usually in past tense

-기로 했다

expresses speaker's spontaneous reaction (frequently contrary to what speaker was expecting) ex. surprise, sympathy, admoration Combined with 겠: "i guess as a reaction to what was said"

VS + -네요 피곤하겠네요. 오늘 날씨가 아주 덥네요.

to do completely for regret or relief

-아/어 버리다

so that, so as to, or in a manner that

VS + - 도록 ex. 앞으로 늦지 않도록 노련하겠습니다. 잊어 버리지 않도록 복습을 많이 하세요.

as a result | - expresses cause and effect, more common in formal written texts

- (은/ㄴ) 결과 | ex. 그가 실수를 한 결과로 그는 해고 되었다.

after...

-은/ㄴ 뒤

for the sake of

-을/를 위한

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Verb/Adj Endings Flashcards

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