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Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) > VePHY M3 > Flashcards

VePHY M3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of thyroid hormones in the body

A

Growth regulation, differentiation, metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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2
Q

In these species, the main
lobe of the thyroid is on the midline in the ventral cervical
region with dorso-lateral projections from each side

A

pigs

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3
Q

thyroid gland major supply of blood

A

cranial thyroid artery

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4
Q

thyroid gland principal venous drainage

A

caudal thyroid vein

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5
Q

True or False. The thyroid has a rich supply of sympathetic nerves associated with blood vessels thought to regulate the blood supply to the
organ

A

True

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6
Q

Components of thyroid glands in adult animals

A

follicular cells, parafollicular cells, colloid, interstitial CT

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7
Q

common in the dog and may be located anywhere from the larynx to the diaphragm

A

accessory thyroid tissue

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8
Q

the right lobe of the thyroid is situated slightly cranial to the left lobe and almost touches the caudal aspect of the larynx

A

dogs

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9
Q

its role is for the synthesis and packaging of
substantial amounts of proteins primarily thyroglobulin

A

Follicular cells

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10
Q

its vascular supply fluctuates considerably depending upon the activity of the gland

A

thyroid

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11
Q

majority of the epithelial cells and the most important functional cells of the thyroid

A

follicular cells

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12
Q

caused by iodine deficiency in the diet

A

diffuse thyroid hyperplasia or goiter

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13
Q

Example of goitrogenic substances

A

thiouracil, sulfonamides, complex anions, plants from family brassicacceae

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14
Q

the only tissue of the body which is able to accumulate iodine in large quantities and incorporate it into hormones

A

thyroid gland

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15
Q

peptide hormone of the mammalian thyroid that has been shown to be secreted by C-cells

A

calcitonin

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16
Q

assembly of thyroid hormones within the follicular lumen is made possible by a unique protein

A

thyroglobulin

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17
Q

thyroglobulin is synthesized in?

A

RER of Follicular cells

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18
Q

essential component of thyroid hormones, is incorporated within the molecular structure of thyroglobulin

A

tyrosine

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19
Q

MIT and DIT combine to form the two biologically active

A

iodothyronines

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20
Q

essential for maintaining constant blood levels of thyroid hormones in vertebrates under conditions of varied intake of iodine and varying metabolic demand for T4 and T3

A

extracellular storage of thyroglobulin

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21
Q

comprise a second endocrine cell population in the mammalian thyroid gland

A

C cells

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22
Q

active transport of iodine has been shown to be associated with

A

NIS

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23
Q

These other glands have the capacity to actively transport iodide, albeit at a much lower level than the thyroid

A

salivary gland, gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary gland

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24
Q

These chemicals effectively block the ability of the gland to synthesize thyroid hormones

A

Perchlorate, Thiocyanate

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25
accomplished by the coordinated response of the adenohypophysis and hypothalamic nuclei to circulating levels of T4 and T3
negative feedback control
26
binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of thyrotropic basophils in the adenohypophysis and activates adenylate cyclase
thyrotropin releasing hormone
27
Where does clearance of thyroglobulin from the circulation take place
Kupffer cells of liver
28
incorporated not only into newly synthesized thyroglobulin recently delivered to the follicular lumen but also into molecules already stored in the lumen
iodine
29
function as coupling enzyme to combine MIT and DIT to form T3
thyroperoxidase
30
daily maintenance requirement of iodine of 10 to 15 kg adult dog
140
31
Most of the iodine in the diets is reduced to iodide in this organ
GI tract
32
Which glands clear iodide from plasma
thyroid gland, salivary gland, gastric mucosa
33
how much is the net daily uptake of iodide in a dog
75
34
Two-thirds of the iodine is in the form of
MIT and DIT
35
About one-fourth of iodine is in these forms, all of which are incorporated in thyroglobulin molecules in the follicular colloid
T3 and T4
36
About 40 percent of the extrathyroidal T4 in the dog is present in
plasma
37
60 percent of extrathyroidal T4 is taken up by which organ
liver
38
total plasma equivalent space of distribution of T4 is about
12 percent of bw
39
peak concentration usually occurs at about
midday
40
most important enzyme in the synthetic pathway of thyroid hormones
thyroperoxidase
41
m
42
About 45 percent of the turnover of T4 is via
deiodination
43
55 percent of T4 turnover is via
fecal excretion
44
70 percent of T3 turnover is via
deiodination
45
30 percent turnover of T3 is via
fecal excretion
46
ratio of T4 to T3 in thyroglobulin
3.6 is to 1
47
ratio of the daily production rates, based on plasma concentration and turnover of T3 and T4
2 is to 1
48
stimulates oxygen utilization and heat production by many different cells of the body
thyroxine
49
Functions of thyroxine
increased utilization of carbohydrates, increased protein catabolism and excretion of nitrogen, oxidation of fats, and loss in body weight
50
increase the heart rate by a direct effect on heart muscle cells
thyroxine
51
Effects of thyroxine deficient
CNS fail to function, lethargy, dull, mentally deficient, myelin fiber content decreased, cortical neurons smaller and fewer, vascularity of CNS is reduced
52
True or False. The neuronal dysfunction caused by thyroxine deficiency is reversible in the adult animal but not in the young growing animal
True
53
effects of thyroxine excess secretion to animals
Nervous, jumpy, irritable and hyperactive
54
These dog breeds are commonly affected with hypothyroidism
Doberman pinschers, golden retrievers, beagles
55
is the result of primary diseases of the thyroid gland, especially idiopathic follicular atrophy
clinical hypothyroidism
56
closely resembles Hashimotos disease in humans and appears to be genetically conditioned
lymphocytic thyroiditis
57
caused by production of autoantibodies directed against thyroglobulin
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
58
Many clinical signs associated with hypothyroidism are due to
reduction in basal metabolic rate
59
Clinical signs of hypothyroidism in dogs
60
Clinical signs of hypothyroidism in cats
prolonged periods of apathy, poor hair growth, severe seborrhea, and myxedema of the face
61
Hypothyroidism in chicken observed signs
small, moderately obese with increased accumulations of abdominal fat, have a small, dry comb, and an abnormally silky plumage
62
other terms for idiopathic follicular atrophy
follicular collapse, lymphocytic thyroiditis
63
Severe hypothyroidism and long standing hyperlipidemia may result to
atherosclerosis of coronary and cerebral vessels
64
Tx of hypothyroidism
oral administration of synthetic thyroxine or triiodothyronine on a daily basis
65
most common in adult cats and often related to adenomas composed of hyperactive follicular cells
hyperthyroidism
66
clinical term for a non-neoplastic and non-inflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
67
it is a potent thioglycoside from plants excreted in milk
goitrin
68
associated with weight loss in spite of a normal or increased appetite and with restlessness and increased activity
hyperthyroidism
69
associated with prolonged low-level exposure to thiocyanates produced by the ruminal degradation of cyanogenic glucosides
hyperplastic goiter in ruminants
70
Congenital hypothyroidism in domestic animals may be associated with
iodine deficient hyperplastic goiter
71
Effects of iodine deficient goiter in foals
moderately enlarged thyroids, are weak at birth, frequently die within a few days after birth
72
these species with goiter born partially or completely hairless and are either born dead or die soon after birth
calves
73
effects of goiter in newborn pig, goats, and lambs
myxedema and hair loss
74
endocrinologically inactive and encountered as an incidental lesion at necropsy
multinodular goiter
75
one of the two most common endocrine diseases in adult-age cats
hypperthyroidism
76
Congenital goiter is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene in these animals
sheep, afrikander cattle, saanen dwarf goats
77
characterized by the inability of the animal to synthesize and secrete adequate amounts of thyroid hormones prior to or at birth
congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter
78
plasma half life of T4 in rats
12 to 24 hours
79
these species do not synthesize high affinity for transport proteins of T3 and T4
rodents, birds, amphibians, fish
80
functions primarily as a prohormone and undergoes a single deiodination of the phenolic ring in extrathyroidal tissues to form the metabolically more active T3
T4
81
disrupt one or more steps in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
exobiotics and drugs
82
frequently used for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases in animals
thyroid function tests
83
plasma half life of T4 in monkeys and humans
5-9 days
84
most direct indicator of hypothyroidism
measurement of basal oxygen consumption
85
most sensitive and accurate method for measurement of circulating levels of total thyroxine and triiodothyronine
radioimmunoassay
86
a useful and reliable aid in the diagnosis of thyroid disease in animals
histological examination of biopsy of thyroid gland

Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) (5 decks)

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