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Endocrine Physiology > VePHY M2 > Flashcards

VePHY M2 Flashcards

1
Q

it is the physical and functional apex of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

Pituitary gland is found ventral to the brain in a dorsal concavity of the sphenoid bone called

A

sella turcica or hypophyseal fossa

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3
Q

the site where hypothalamic releasing hormones enter the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

largest part of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

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5
Q

hormones that regulate function of other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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6
Q

regulate other nonendocrine organs and tissues

A

somatotropes

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7
Q

upward extension of the adenohypophysis and is attached to the infundibulum

A

pars tuberalis

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8
Q

forms the junction between the pars distalis and pars nervosa and is the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

pars intermedia

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9
Q

important in amphibians in regulating skin pigmentation

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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10
Q

In these species, ACTH produced by the pars intermedia is cleaved into alpha MSH and corticotropin like intermediate lobe peptide

A

cattle, pigs, rats

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11
Q

major controlling participant in the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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12
Q

it is a significant source of ACTH and tumors of this tissue can lead to spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and horses

A

pars intermedia

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13
Q

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus and stored in and released from the neurohypophysis

A

nonapeptides

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14
Q

Nonapeptides hormones

A

Oxytocin, Arginine vasopressin, Lysine vasopressin, Arginine vasotocin

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15
Q

The gland that can match the plethora of hormones produced by the pituitary gland

A

adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Blood for the neurohypophysis comes from

A

inferior hypophyseal arteries

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17
Q

receives no direct innervation, except for a few sympathetic fibers that enter along the blood vessels

A

adenohypophysis

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18
Q

possesses a rich supply of nerves

A

neurohypophysis

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19
Q

fibers entering neurohypophysis via the infundibulum contain carrier proteins called as

A

neurophysins

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20
Q

a specialized extension from the wall of the diencephalon of the developing brain

A

neurohypophysis

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21
Q

adenohypophysis arises from an evagination of the ectodermal roof of the oropharynx more known as

A

Rathke pouch

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22
Q

anterior wall of Rathkes pouch thickens and become

A

pars distalis

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23
Q

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic substances that stimulate pituitary function

A

releasing factors

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24
Q

CRF and other releasing factors are intended for

A

hemocrine communication

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25
Q

hormones regulated both by releasing and inhibitory hormones

A

prolactin, GH, TSH

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26
Q

not only stimulates release of TSH, but it also induces the release of prolactin and growth hormone

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

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27
Q

Other functions of Releasing hormones other than stimulation

A

regulate pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis

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28
Q

Hormonal peptides derived from POMC

A

ACTH, beta endorphin, beta lipotropin, alpha MSH

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29
Q

Secretion of ACTH is regulated by

A

CRH and AVP

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30
Q

a weak regulator of ACTH and acts synergistically with CRH to stimulate
secretion of ACTH

A

Arginine vasopressin

31
Q

induces the immediate release of ACTH and transcription of the gene for POMC

A

Cyclic AMP

32
Q

In these species, ACTH stimulates secretion of
androgens and mineralocorticoids

A

birds

33
Q

What are the two layers which ACTH stimulatesfor adrenal cortex to increase cortisol or corticosterone secretion

A

zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

34
Q

hormones prevalent in all vertebrates from fish to humans

A

prolactin

35
Q

In these species, prolactin is important in maintaining structure and function of corpora lutea of the female

A

rodents

36
Q

other term of prolactin in some old and new literature

A

Luteotropic hormone

37
Q

stimulus for let-down of milk is provided by

A

suckling

38
Q

What is the primary importance of prolactin

A

its role in differentiation and maintenance of the mammary gland and secretion of milk

39
Q

prolactin is under inhibitory control of

A

dopamine

40
Q

True or False. Pituitary lactotropes require constant inhibition by dopamine to keep prolactin secretion under control.

A

True.

41
Q

Prolactin is synthesized, processed, packaged, stored, and released by

A

lactotropes

42
Q

these three hormones affect both synthesis and release of prolactin

A

Dopamine, TRH, VIP

43
Q

reduce growth hormone secretion independently of GHRH and by blocking GHRH action

A

somatostatin

44
Q

GH interacts with membrane receptors of the liver to cause the release
of growth-stimulatory peptides called

A

somatomedins

45
Q

growth promoter secreted by cells of the central nervous system and is involved mainly
with fetal tissue development

A

IGF 2

46
Q

exogenous hormone which increases milk production 10 to 15 percent without affecting feed intake, enhances the ability of the mammary tissue to synthesize milk components

A

bovine somatotropin

47
Q

sugar constituents of TSH, LH, and FSH

A

D mannose, D galactose, L fructose, D galactosamine, sialic acid

48
Q

intracellular mediator of TSH

A

adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP

49
Q

a glycoprotein with two polypeptide subunits synthesized by Sertoli cells of the testis, granulosa cells of the ovary, the placenta, pituitary gonadotropes, and the brain

A

Inhibin

50
Q

intracellular messengers of gonadotropes

A
  1. ionized calcium
  2. inositol triphosphate
  3. diacylglycerol
51
Q

These hormones are both directly secreted into the hypophyseal portal blood and directly stimulate prolactin release from the pituitary gland

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide

52
Q

binding proteins of hormones of neurohypophysis

A

neurophysins

53
Q

disorder characterized by chronic excretion of large volumes of diluted urine that is accompanied by extreme thirst caused by hyperosmolarity of body fluids and dehydration

A

diabetes insipidus

54
Q

stabilizes the hormone oxytocin and AVP within the neurosecretory granules

A

hormone neurophysin complex

55
Q

caused by inadequate production of AVP by the posterior pituitary gland

A

central diabetes insipidus

56
Q

previously known as somatomedin C, it is an important mediator of growth
hormone action and is produced by many cells, particularly those of the liver

A

Insulin like growth factor 1

57
Q

True or False. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone and IGF 1 are highly correlated with body size

A

TRUE

58
Q

produced by several disorders that interfere with the interaction between AVP and its receptors in target cells of the kidney

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

59
Q

feeds back negatively on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to specifically reduce secretion of FSH

A

Inhibin

60
Q

True or False. Release of the hormone and neurophysin from neurosecretory granules is initiated by electrical signals
from sensory receptors monitoring the osmolarity of extracellular fluid

A

TRUE

61
Q

major controlling participant in the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

62
Q

Anatomical subdivisions of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
  2. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
63
Q

Three parts of the adenohypophysis:

A
  1. the pars distalis
  2. the pars tuberalis
  3. the pars intermedia.
64
Q

largest part of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

65
Q

Five populations of cells from pars distalis

A

(i) thyrotropes
(ii) gonadotropes
(iii) lactotropes,
(iv) corticotropes
(v) somatotropes

66
Q

What are the tropic hormones

A

(i) thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(ii) luteinizing hormone (LH)
(iii) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), (iv) prolactin, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
(v) growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)

67
Q

Two parts of the neurohypophysis:

A
  1. infundibulum or pituitary stalk
  2. pars nervosa (also called posterior or neural lobe)
68
Q

Nonapeptides (4)

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. arginine vasopressin
  3. lysine vasopressin
  4. arginine vasotocin
69
Q

Synthetic stimulatory hypophysiotropic hormones

A

(i) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
(ii) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(iii) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
(iv) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

70
Q

Releasing hormones other functions aside from stimulating the release of PH

A

regulate pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis

71
Q

Adrenocorticotropin is a 39-amino acid peptide derived from a much larger precursor called

A

proopiomelanocortin

72
Q

a weak regulator of ACTH but it acts synergistically with CRH to stimulate
secretion of ACTH

A

arginine vasopressin

73
Q
A

Endocrine Physiology (4 decks)

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