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Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) > VePHY M2 > Flashcards

VePHY M2 Flashcards

1
Q

it is the physical and functional apex of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

Pituitary gland is found ventral to the brain in a dorsal concavity of the sphenoid bone called

A

sella turcica or hypophyseal fossa

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3
Q

the site where hypothalamic releasing hormones enter the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

largest part of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

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5
Q

hormones that regulate function of other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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6
Q

regulate other nonendocrine organs and tissues

A

somatotropes

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7
Q

upward extension of the adenohypophysis and is attached to the infundibulum

A

pars tuberalis

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8
Q

forms the junction between the pars distalis and pars nervosa and is the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

pars intermedia

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9
Q

important in amphibians in regulating skin pigmentation

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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10
Q

In these species, ACTH produced by the pars intermedia is cleaved into alpha MSH and corticotropin like intermediate lobe peptide

A

cattle, pigs, rats

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11
Q

major controlling participant in the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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12
Q

it is a significant source of ACTH and tumors of this tissue can lead to spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and horses

A

pars intermedia

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13
Q

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus and stored in and released from the neurohypophysis

A

nonapeptides

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14
Q

Nonapeptides hormones

A

Oxytocin, Arginine vasopressin, Lysine vasopressin, Arginine vasotocin

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15
Q

The gland that can match the plethora of hormones produced by the pituitary gland

A

adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Blood for the neurohypophysis comes from

A

inferior hypophyseal arteries

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17
Q

receives no direct innervation, except for a few sympathetic fibers that enter along the blood vessels

A

adenohypophysis

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18
Q

possesses a rich supply of nerves

A

neurohypophysis

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19
Q

fibers entering neurohypophysis via the infundibulum contain carrier proteins called as

A

neurophysins

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20
Q

a specialized extension from the wall of the diencephalon of the developing brain

A

neurohypophysis

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21
Q

adenohypophysis arises from an evagination of the ectodermal roof of the oropharynx more known as

A

Rathke pouch

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22
Q

anterior wall of Rathkes pouch thickens and become

A

pars distalis

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23
Q

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic substances that stimulate pituitary function

A

releasing factors

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24
Q

CRF and other releasing factors are intended for

A

hemocrine communication

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25
hormones regulated both by releasing and inhibitory hormones
prolactin, GH, TSH
26
not only stimulates release of TSH, but it also induces the release of prolactin and growth hormone
thyrotropin releasing hormone
27
Other functions of Releasing hormones other than stimulation
regulate pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis
28
Hormonal peptides derived from POMC
ACTH, beta endorphin, beta lipotropin, alpha MSH
29
Secretion of ACTH is regulated by
CRH and AVP
30
a weak regulator of ACTH and acts synergistically with CRH to stimulate secretion of ACTH
Arginine vasopressin
31
induces the immediate release of ACTH and transcription of the gene for POMC
Cyclic AMP
32
In these species, ACTH stimulates secretion of androgens and mineralocorticoids
birds
33
What are the two layers which ACTH stimulatesfor adrenal cortex to increase cortisol or corticosterone secretion
zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
34
hormones prevalent in all vertebrates from fish to humans
prolactin
35
In these species, prolactin is important in maintaining structure and function of corpora lutea of the female
rodents
36
other term of prolactin in some old and new literature
Luteotropic hormone
37
stimulus for let-down of milk is provided by
suckling
38
What is the primary importance of prolactin
its role in differentiation and maintenance of the mammary gland and secretion of milk
39
prolactin is under inhibitory control of
dopamine
40
True or False. Pituitary lactotropes require constant inhibition by dopamine to keep prolactin secretion under control.
True.
41
Prolactin is synthesized, processed, packaged, stored, and released by
lactotropes
42
these three hormones affect both synthesis and release of prolactin
Dopamine, TRH, VIP
43
reduce growth hormone secretion independently of GHRH and by blocking GHRH action
somatostatin
44
GH interacts with membrane receptors of the liver to cause the release of growth-stimulatory peptides called
somatomedins
45
growth promoter secreted by cells of the central nervous system and is involved mainly with fetal tissue development
IGF 2
46
exogenous hormone which increases milk production 10 to 15 percent without affecting feed intake, enhances the ability of the mammary tissue to synthesize milk components
bovine somatotropin
47
sugar constituents of TSH, LH, and FSH
D mannose, D galactose, L fructose, D galactosamine, sialic acid
48
intracellular mediator of TSH
adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP
49
a glycoprotein with two polypeptide subunits synthesized by Sertoli cells of the testis, granulosa cells of the ovary, the placenta, pituitary gonadotropes, and the brain
Inhibin
50
intracellular messengers of gonadotropes
1. ionized calcium 2. inositol triphosphate 3. diacylglycerol
51
These hormones are both directly secreted into the hypophyseal portal blood and directly stimulate prolactin release from the pituitary gland
Thyrotropin releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide
52
binding proteins of hormones of neurohypophysis
neurophysins
53
disorder characterized by chronic excretion of large volumes of diluted urine that is accompanied by extreme thirst caused by hyperosmolarity of body fluids and dehydration
diabetes insipidus
54
stabilizes the hormone oxytocin and AVP within the neurosecretory granules
hormone neurophysin complex
55
caused by inadequate production of AVP by the posterior pituitary gland
central diabetes insipidus
56
previously known as somatomedin C, it is an important mediator of growth hormone action and is produced by many cells, particularly those of the liver
Insulin like growth factor 1
57
True or False. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone and IGF 1 are highly correlated with body size
TRUE
58
produced by several disorders that interfere with the interaction between AVP and its receptors in target cells of the kidney
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
59
feeds back negatively on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to specifically reduce secretion of FSH
Inhibin
60
True or False. Release of the hormone and neurophysin from neurosecretory granules is initiated by electrical signals from sensory receptors monitoring the osmolarity of extracellular fluid
TRUE
61
major controlling participant in the endocrine system
pituitary gland
62
Anatomical subdivisions of the pituitary gland
1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) 2. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
63
Three parts of the adenohypophysis:
1. the pars distalis 2. the pars tuberalis 3. the pars intermedia.
64
largest part of the adenohypophysis
pars distalis
65
Five populations of cells from pars distalis
(i) thyrotropes (ii) gonadotropes (iii) lactotropes, (iv) corticotropes (v) somatotropes
66
What are the tropic hormones
(i) thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (ii) luteinizing hormone (LH) (iii) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), (iv) prolactin, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (v) growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)
67
Two parts of the neurohypophysis:
1. infundibulum or pituitary stalk 2. pars nervosa (also called posterior or neural lobe)
68
Nonapeptides (4)
1. oxytocin 2. arginine vasopressin 3. lysine vasopressin 4. arginine vasotocin
69
Synthetic stimulatory hypophysiotropic hormones
(i) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (ii) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (iii) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (iv) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
70
Releasing hormones other functions aside from stimulating the release of PH
regulate pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis
71
Adrenocorticotropin is a 39-amino acid peptide derived from a much larger precursor called
proopiomelanocortin
72
a weak regulator of ACTH but it acts synergistically with CRH to stimulate secretion of ACTH
arginine vasopressin
73

Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) (5 decks)

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